Virtue Theory Essay Example for Free

Virtue Theory Essay Aristotle studied and explained a wide range of subjects ranging from science to politics and is widely recognized as one of the greatest philosophers of all time. One of his most important contributions to the study of humanities is his exploration and definition of moral virtue. In his book, The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explains different views about the nature of life in order to allow the reader to find what the main function of life is and how to successfully perform that function. For example, Aristotle states in his first book, in article one, â€Å"every art and every investigation, and similarly every action and pursuit is considered to aim at some good. † Hence, Aristotle defines the â€Å"good† as that which all things should aim. However, what separates humans from other â€Å"things† is the fact that humans seek the good in order to achieve eudemonia, or happiness. In order to achieve this result, a human must function well, and would therefore be acting with rational activity. So, if a person performs the function of rational activity well, they have acted with moral reasoning, acting virtuously to achieve eudemonia. In summary, Aristotle believes the good, or virtue, is in a human’s self-interest because of the results it produces. However, I strongly believe that, to classical philosophers, achieving virtue was a broader concept that its modern connotation suggests. It is commonly known that certain theories can be considered obsolete over time if not restated in a modern day context, because as society advances, there is a need for theories and ideas to accommodate and make room for such changes in order to maintain their relevance So, in order to adapt Aristotle’s theory of the good, also known as Aristotle’s virtue theory, into modern day life, different theorists and philosophers became interested in reevaluating the theory and adding to it in order to achieve a successful and newer theory for humans to consider. I want to discuss the most popular theories recreated from Aristotle’s virtue theory to prove that there is, in fact, a need to modernize and restate his original concept, there is not a need to disregard it or substantially add to it. I believe that his theory must simply be presented through a modern outlook to be used as a guideline as to how humans should act instead of a set group of rules that could possible contradict each other. There are many different theories to consider when trying to find the best adaptation of Aristotle’s virtue theory, they range from supplementary views to non-supplementary and non-criterialists. For example, Supplementalists such as James Rachels believe in supplementing Aristotle’s theory of the good with an independent theory of right action. Whereas, non-Supplementalists can be further split into criterialists such as Rosalind Hursthouse, who believes that happiness can be objective, and non-criterialists such as Julia Annas, who believes that virtue theory does not need any criteria of right action because a truly virtuous person would never get into a situation where a criteria of right action would be needed. These theories differ on core principles and methods of adaptation, some even disagree with parts of Aristotle’s theory; however, they all have some form of agreement with respect to Aristotle’s theory of the good and can be used to enhance it for its adaptation into modern day context. After my evaluations of each philosopher’s view points, I have found the most practical and least contradicting theory in Julia Annas’ essay, â€Å"Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing. † Her essay delves into not only the original concept of Aristotle’s virtue theory, but also discusses the consequences of abiding by those guidelines in modern day. Her theory allows Aristotle’s theory to remain intact, however she refreshes it to the modern connotation it needed to be more commonly accepted by today’s society. However, when looking at the other popular views, James Rachels’ provides a detailed argument vouching for his supplementalist view point on the theory of the good in his essay â€Å"The Ethics of Virtue. † In his opinion, Aristotle’s theory shows an excellent motivation for moral action and gives us a better perspective of our decisions by enabling a different method of weighing our action. Yet, he also states that through Aristotle’s theory alone, there would be no reason for individuals to think that characteristics are virtues rather than vices. For example, courage could be a vice because there is no basis for asserting that courage is a virtue. Second, he adds â€Å"it is difficult to see how unsupplemented virtue theory could handle cases of moral conflict† (Rachels 2). For example, honesty can conflict with kindness if a certain circumstance presents itself. According to Rachels, a purely virtue-based morality must always be incomplete, since it could not by itself explain why certain character traits are not morally good and therefore, humans could never decipher if they are truly acting virtuously and experiencing eudemonia. In order to make such a distinction between what is and is not morally good, he concludes that a combined approach, supplementing Aristotle’s theory with an independent theory of right action, such as Kantianism or Utilitarianism, will allow for an adequate moral philosophy in modern day. However, there can be problems with supplementation because moral theories, such as Kantianism for example, suffer from the same problem of deciphering the conflict of virtues. Rachels evaluates a list of virtues such as benevolence, civility, fairness, justice and so on, describing them as traits of character that should be fostered in human beings. By doing so, he conveys to the reader the need for an independent theory of right action such as Kantianism to help distinguish whether or not it is a virtue or vice. However, he does not go into detail of the problems such independent theories of right action can run into. Say Rachels wants to supplement the virtue theory with kantianism, and a person posses the virtue of honesty, however, if that person were to be conflicted by Nazis asking where hidden refugees are, that person would have to tell the truth because that is what the â€Å"categorical imperative† deems. Therefore, supplementing the virtue theory proves unnecessary and contradicting when trying to maintain using the virtue theory in modern day. Next, I chose to compare a theory opposing the supplementalist view such as the non-supplementalist view that Rosalind Hursthouse agrees with in her essay â€Å"Virtue Theory and Abortion. † However, she also adds a criterialist view point in that â€Å"an action is right, if and only if, it is what the virtuous agent would do in the circumstance† (Hursthouse 225). In her paper, she primarily uses the example of abortion to demonstrate her criticism of the virtue theory and discuss what is needed to be applied to the theory for it to promote the correct virtuous answer in modern circumstances. She states that â€Å"virtue theory can’t get us anywhere in real moral issues because it’s bound to be all assertion and no argument. (Hursthouse 226),† therefore, she addresses the need for clear, virtuous guidance about what ought and ought not to be done when a person is stuck in a conflicting decision of virtues. In her example of a woman’s decision of whether or not to have an abortion, she emphasizes the necessity of that guidance. However, in the evaluation of Hursthouse’s paper, she states nine separate criticisms of virtue theory, demonstrating what she believes to be an inadequate grasp either of the structure of virtue theory or what would be involved in thinking about a real moral issue in its terms. She clearly makes the point that Aristotle’s theory of the good does not allow for a blatant answer in circumstances in which a person could either only do wrong or face the decision of acting for the good of human kind or for their own self interest. But, what she does not grasp is the simple fact that a virtuous person would never be in such situations to begin with, as Julia Annas later states. Hursthouse’s example of abortion becomes invalid with the realization that a virtuous person would not have irresponsible sex to land herself in a situation of whether or not to have an abortion. She mostly disagrees with Aristotle’s overall concept; therefore, her need to recreate it in a more understandable method is diluted and consumed by her overall goal of asserting the need of a virtuous guidance for those stuck in unvirtuous situations. Julia Annas further addresses the contradictions Hursthouse makes in her essay â€Å"Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Things,† in that she does not follow the criterialist belief that Hursthouse believes is necessary to make the virtuous decision. As stated before, she uses the main contradiction that the circumstances where there is no right answer a virtuous person wouldn’t be in to begin with. Also, she believes that â€Å"we are not blank slates; we already have a firm views about right and wrong ways to act, worthy and unworthy ways to be (Annas 66),† and we become knowledgeable of what is right and wrong through a developmental process, not through some technical method of deciphering right from wrong. She believes that you become good at being virtuous the same way you become good in everything else, for example, in order be good at playing the piano, you must practice. Her statements help relate Aristotle’s virtue theory to those confused about how to apply it in everyday life. She is providing the excuse of instinct and development for the vagueness of his original theory in order to make it more practical and achievable for those wanting to act with virtue. Overall, Annas proves her view deliberately and assertively throughout her paper. It becomes apparent that becoming a virtuous person requires a developmental process much like other activities in life. Also, through defying other theories, such as Hursthouse’s, she shows how uncomplicated making a virtuous decision can be, instead of making such a decision seem unachievable and complicated in modern context. I agree with her statement that it is wrong to â€Å"force our everyday moral thoughts into a system of one-size-fits all kind, virtue ethics tells us to look elsewhere at what happens when we try to become a builder or pianist (Annas 73),† because I believe that is how I came to learn what was morally good, and how I am still learning what is right or wrong in today’s society. She revives Aristotle’s virtue theory for modern day by allowing its original vagueness to remain intact and not trying to rewrite the theory’s initial context, while at the same time describing it as more of a guideline for humans to live by and a way to improve practical judgment in everyday life. In conclusion, Annas’ non-supplementalist, non-criterialist outlook on Aristotle’s virtue theory provokes thought and consideration, but also relates to a reader, because if looked at closely, the virtuous developmental process can be easily recognizable in any reader’s childhood. Also, her analytical methods of revealing the problems in other theories help the reader to comprehend her theory easier. Annas leaves the reader stating â€Å"When it comes to working to find the right thing to do, we cannot shift the work to a theory, because we, unlike theories, are always learning, and so we are always learning and aspiring to do better (Annas 74). † Overall, Annas provides the best adaptation to Aristotle’s theory of the good and provides a positive outlook on the methods of becoming virtuous without constraining the reader to believe that there is exact and deliberate steps a human must make in order to gain eudemonia. Her revision allows Aristotle’s concept to live on into modern day, and thus provides a well-rounded and current guideline to the betterment of today’s society. Works Cited Annas, Julia. Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (2004): 61-75. Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics. 325 B. C. Hursthouse, Rosalind. Virtue Theory and Abortion. Philosophy and Public Affairs 20. 3 (1991): 223-246. Rachel, James. The Ethics of Virtue. 1996. Norman R. Shultz. November 2010 http://www. normanrschultz. org/Courses/Ethics/Rachels_virtueethics. pdf.

Prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird :: social issues

Prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird Three students kicked out of a high school for threatening to bring a gun to school. Why would they? Because people were prejudice against them because other students thought they were â€Å"losers†. Moral: You shouldn’t not like a person because they aren’t like you. Prejudice was far much worse in the time period of To Kill A Mockingbird. But, Prejudice is the reason for much social injustice. Three characters named Nathan Radley, Atticus Finch, and Aunt Alexandria show us this in the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird. Back in the time period of To Kill A Mockingbird, blacks were referred to as â€Å"niggers†, and blamed for most things, even when they were innocent. An example of this is when a character named Nathan Radley hears someone in his cabbage patches. He shot his gun in the air and when people asked what happen, he automatically told them it was a â€Å"nigger†. Even though he didn’t see the person. But, he knew the person was white by this quote someone said he said. â€Å"Shot in the air. Scared him though, says if anyone sees a white â€Å"nigger† running around here that’s him† (54). Meaning that he knows the person is white. Another thing is that some people even put animals above blacks, as told in the rest of the quote. â€Å"Got the other barrel waitin’ for the next hears in his patch, be it dog, â€Å"nigger†, or Jem Finch (a character) (54). Now he must have known it was Jem, or why would he have said his name? This shows that Mr. Radley didn’t have any respect for blacks. Not only were blacks referred to as â€Å"niggers† but, anyone associated with them, except for slave masters, were called, â€Å"nigger† lovers. An example of this is that a character named Atticus Finch is defending a black person named Tom Robinson in court. Because he is doing this, most people in town are calling him a â€Å"nigger† lover. Not only are the adults saying it, but their children are saying it too. Since Atticus is defending this man, he has also tried to been jumped many time also. But Atticus makes a very interesting point during the court case. â€Å"The witnesses for the state have presented themselves to you gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted. Confident that you gentlemen, would go along with them on one assumption, the evil assumption, that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are immoral beings, that all Negroes are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption that of one mind of their caliber.

3 Basic Programming Languages

There are three basic types of programming languages. These languages are machine, assembly, and high-level languages. Machine language is just a sequence of zeroes and ones. Different combinations of zeroes and ones mean different things and sends different instruction to the computer. An advantage of this is that this is the only language that a computer can understand directly. However a fallback is that this is not very easy for humans to be able to either read it or write it. It will be hard to get any developers to utilize this language. This is the reason why most will use one of the other two. Assembly language is the oldest form of non-machine language. It is a symbolic representation of machine language. It typically uses a one to one correspondence between the two. Another program called an assembler will translate it into machine language. Since assembly language uses easy to recognize codes, it makes it a lot easier for people to understand. When it comes to the program and how it relates to the computer processing and memory usage, the program will typically be stored in non-volatile memory until it is requested. Upon request it will then be loaded into random access memory (RAM). Once it is loaded into the RAM it then can be accessed by the central processing unit (CPU). It will then execute instructions until terminated. Termination can either be by user or it can be due to software or hardware error. High-level languages will typically contain commonly used English words and phrases, thus removing a lot of the symbols and structure that is required at a lower level programming. There are several advantages to high-level languages vs machine or assembly. Typically if a program is written on one computer it can easily be modified to work on another computer. Also a single instruction written in a high level language will typically translate into several instructions in machine language. Now a disadvantage is that these high level programming languages are typically less powerful and less efficient than assembly languages. They also need to be translated into machine language before their instructions can be understood and carried out. Now there is several different high level programming languages out there. Why are there so many? I think there are so many for a few different reasons. One reason is to take advantage of hardware improvements that have been made over the years. Another is just to make it simpler for programmers. The easier that a language is to learn the better the opportunity is to attract talent. When developing a program, you need to first have a problem to solve. There is a cycle that is referred to as the program development cycle. This cycle has been developed as it is a model that can be repeated across the board to maximize success. The cycle has 7 basic steps. These steps are Define the problem Outline the solution Develop the outline into an algorithm Then test the algorithm Code the algorithm Run the program on the computer Document and maintain the program Now when coming up with the design for your program, you will need to have on hand some people to give input. Having the customer on hand to provide some of that input would be advantageous. Software Engineers, as well as testing engineers will need to be giving input as well as the project manager.

Deforestation And Environment - 1125 Words

Deforestation is a clearing of a wide area of into cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there will be severe consequences for the environment and future generations because of deforestation and approximately 7.3 million hectares of forests are being destroyed per year in the world. (citation) In this essay, I will explore the impact that deforestation on the environment and I will also look at the actions that are being taken to prevent deforestation. There are various reasons why deforestation is occurring despite its negative effects on the environment. Deforestation occurs for many reasons, agriculture, due to the†¦show more content†¦(citation). The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere acts as a blanket which traps the heat in the atmosphere and prevents it from leaving which can results in an increase of temperature. (citation) Another result of deforestation is the loss or decline of animal habitats and the loss of animal diversity. (citation) Forests provide a shelter, a habitat and a food source for many species. Tropical rainforest provides habitats for a great amount of the worlds species and the only cover 7% of the earth’s surface and they are the most in danger by deforestation. (citation) Many animals that live in forests are herbivores and by deforestation it is removing their main food source, and it can be necessary for them to leave their home to search for food, which can result in starvation, death or forcing them to live in small forest fragments. (citation) Due to deforestation dozens of species are becoming extinct every day and by the middle of the century half of all the species could be lost. (citation) Deforestation causes very sever soil erosion, flooding and reduce the quality of water sources. Areas that have been victim to deforestation are very venerable to flooding because there are no longer trees to prevent sediment runoff, also because trees retain more water then farmlands because some water will stay inShow MoreRelatedDeforestation And Environment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Deforestation is an increasing global crisis and is mainly caused by human actions. Forests cover approximately 31% of the area on the planet (Deforestation, n.d.). Deforestation is the destruction of a wide area of forest land into a cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there are severe consequences for the environment and future generations due to deforestation. According to theRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment845 Words   |  4 Pagesdo to protect the environment? Our planet is shifting, we need to help it change for the better. There are many effects that can change our Globe in a shocking manner but, the good news is each individual can contribute to make a better world for our children. People across the world acquired, use, and dispose enormous multiplicity of products which helps to build our lives easier and more comfortable. Howeve r, the outcome of this can make massive damage to our environment. Working together withRead MoreEffects Of Deforestation On The Environment1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is one of the many problems this world faces today. Many people are unaware of how harmful deforestation can be towards the environment and the animals that inhabit the area. Many people don’t even know what deforestation is and that it’s actually happening. To sum it all up, deforestation is the process of destroying forests by cutting them down or burning the trees down, destroying hundreds of acres in order to make more land available for other uses thinking that the benefits outweighRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment953 Words   |  4 PagesAir Pollution Deforestation has been an ongoing activity in both the North and South Island in relatively equal measures. Since New Zealand was inhabited, Maori and European settlers have exploited the forests in New Zealand, reducing them from 82% to 23% of the surface area throughout the country. (Ewersa et al,, 2006). This is a great volume of vegetation which has been removed from the earth’s surface. In return, many harmful impacts are being imposed on the environment. One of these is the increasedRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment1379 Words   |  6 Pagesyou no choice but to run through the forest. Being separated from family members, all alone in the african desert with no home left. This issue is happening all over the place for many beloved animals yet not much is being done about it at all. Deforestation is a major issue for animals, forests are a huge source of oxygen for the wildlife surrounding them. â€Å"80% of the animals in the world live in or arou nd forests†(National Geographic, Munita) there has been a huge increase for many species goingRead MoreDeforestation Is Bad For The Environment2000 Words   |  8 Pages Even though we need trees for many things, deforestation needs to lessen because it causes things to happen to the atmosphere, animals, and humans. Deforestation is bad for the environment. At least half of the world’s tropical forests has been cleared. There is about 2,000 trees being cut down per minute. An estimate of 140 species of rainforest plants and animals go extinct every day! Deforestation is the clearing of trees to make a cleared place of land that is used for many things. People useRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On The Environment1616 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Webster dictionary defines deforestation as the action or process of clearing of forests. It occurs when humans desire to make use of land covered by forest for other purposes. This clearing of tree is concerning due to the fact that trees are being cut down at a rate much greater then they can grow back. This is called overshot, and can have a devastating impact on the environment. There is an estimated loss of 18 million acres of forest each year. That is roughly equivalent to the sizeRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On The Environment1120 Words   |  5 PagesTo start off, thirty percent of the world’s land are forests. (Anonymous, para. 1). However, the number of forests are dwindling down due to the deforestation that happens every year. Deforestation is â€Å"the act or result of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area† (Anonymous). Unfortunately, this damages the land. Deforestation has many factors of what causes the loss of trees. There are ag riculture farmers that cut down trees to have more acres to grow more plants or to have more livestockRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment915 Words   |  4 Pagesongoing environmental issues, which include water shortages, soil erosion and deforestation. The soil erosion has been caused by an excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. Deforestation has been a detrimental issue because of the large amounts of agricultural and land clearing, and not to mention the over use of wood products for fuel purposes, without replanting new growth. Another leading cause of deforestation is forest fires caused by man, whether it’s intentional or accidental. Water shortagesRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On The Environment912 Words   |  4 PagesRainforests today are disappearing at an alarming rate as a result of deforestation for commercial purposes such as logging, agriculture, and livestock and the probable solution are becoming far from realistic as th e expansion becomes bigger and bigger. Every year, an estimated 18 million acres are destroyed for various reasons, including paper, timber. An average of two football field sizes of precious rainforest are torn down, killing millions of animals and destroying valuable pharmaceutical plants

Cultural Differences Between Australia and Mongolia

Cultural Differences between Australia and mongolia The culture of Australia and Mongolia is different and cannot be ignored whilst doing business. The sets of values, beliefs and rules help by Mongolians is essentially different from Australians therefore it is important to understand what are the cultural norms and values that are prevalent in Mongolian society in order to avoid miscommunication and enable a prosperous business future between Australian and Mongolia business firms. Mongolians are proud, self-confident, and independent in disposition therefore it is important to avoid ethnocentricity in dealing with their local culture and people when doing business projects. The condescending attitude or belief that ones ethnic†¦show more content†¦The Mongolian business culture is dominated by men as is in most developing countries, although the number of women holding high executive positions is increasing at a steady rate, particularly in foreign companies. The same is almost similar in Australia which has a high working population of women albeit in lower paying jobs although it is not uncommon to see women holding high managerial positions compared to other industrialised nations (Gray et al. 2003). This would bode well for women looking to work in Mongolia knowing that progress regarding gender equality is being made. Australians and Mongolians share a similar culture towards their business dress sense whereby a formal tie and jacket is required whereas women wear business suits with a skirt or trousers. It is viewed in good light if foreigners over-dress as opposed to being under-dressed as the first impression counts if the company wishes to be taken seriously by Mongolian businessmen and women (Dashnyam 2003). The most obvious cultural difference between Australia and Mongolia is the language barrier. 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The border with Europe starts with the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, even though Turkey in the  Near East  extends partly into the  Aegean Islands  and includes  Istanbul on the European side of the  Bosporus. On the north the boundary between the continents of Asia and  Europe  is commonly regarded as running through the  Dardanelles, the  SeaRead MoreEU Trade and Development Policies7100 Words   |  29 PagesEuropean Union and Asia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 9. The European Union’s Relations with Australia and New Zealand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 10. The European Union and USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..22 11. The European Union and Latin America†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..23 12. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 13. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..24 2 1. The Common Commercial Policy The relationship between trade and development is a complex one. While trade is not a guaranteed route to economicRead MoreRe-Unification of North and South Korea3139 Words   |  13 PagesPeninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel of latitude with the Russians forming a Communist regime to the North and the United States (U.S) creating a rightist pro-Washington government in South Korea, or the Republic of Korea (ROK). Ideological differences between the isolationist Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the North and the pro-western ROK in the South left to a major war in the 1950’s which never formally ended, but remains to this day in a stale mate condition of cease fire. WithRead MoreThe Global Entrepreneur3616 Words   |  15 PagesRacingThePlanet, which Mary Gadams founded in 2002 to stage marathons, each 250 kilometers long and lasting seven days, in the world’s most hostile environments. Her team works out of a small Hong Kong ofï ¬ ce, but the company operates in the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, the Atacama Desert in Chile, the Sahara Desert in Egypt, and Antarctica. Distance has generated the opportunity: If the deserts were accessible, participants and audiences would ï ¬ nd the races less attractive, and the brand would be diluted. RacingThePlanetRead MoreBhp Billiton7455 Words   |  30 Pages coal, copper, iron ore, manganese, nickel, silver and uranium, and have substantial interests in oil and gas. The headquarters of BHP Billiton Limited, and the global headquarters of the combined BHP Billiton Group, are located in Melbourne, Australia. BHP Billiton Plc is located in London, United Kingdom. Both companies have identical Boards of Directors and are run by a single management team. Shareholders in each company have equivalent economic and voting rights in both companies. BHP Billiton

Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay

Henry Wechsler in Getting Serious about Eradicating Binge Drinking, stresses how modern college students think that binge drinking is a norm in college life. I agree with Wechsler that the modern college student thinks binge drinking is normal. In High School, people would binge drink on a regular basis, and that eventually carried over into collegiate life. After being in college for about a month now, I realized that every night students binge drink either at bars, fraternity houses, or tailgates. Being a freshman and only attending the University of Alabama for a month, I was very excited for Ole Miss to come to Tuscaloosa to play football. I purchased my ticket off Facebook and got my game day date. I have had many first hand experiences with binge drinking on college campuses before, but game day in Tuscaloosa is one day that I experienced the uttermost binge drinking out of every party I had been too. The drinking started that Friday afternoon with a giant backyard party to blo w up pools and unlimited beer. As the day was turning into night the party carried over to the band party inside the house. The band was playing as people were flooding into the house, including alumni. Every guest was dancing and drinking. The party was a blast and almost every guest was binge drinking. The bands stopped playing and the party came to an end. By this time it is 3am and technically Saturday morning, which is â€Å"game day†. As game day began everyone started to take a nap in theirShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students1290 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicating the evidence that comes from alcoholic abuse in college students. 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Standalone Corporate Social Responsibility Reports

Question: Discuss about the Standalone Corporate Social Responsibility Reports. Answer: Introduction Mahoney et al. (2013) depict that in recent times, consumers become more alert, and they do not accept unethical business practices or supports organization, which are liable for unethical business moves. Thus, in order to attain customer retention, employee engagement and high competitive advantage, organization nowadays takes initiatives for CSR activities. However, some critics of CSR claim it is little more than greenwashing. Thus, in this essay that this claim is true that company appear to be more environmentally friendly than it really is. CSR activities not only associated with the initiatives for the betterment of the environment but it also relies on the advancement of the employees and the society. Barone et al. (2013) highlighted that, the Cadbury PLC is considered as one of the most ethical organizations of their times, and they initiated much regulation that provides a better life and happy work environment to their employee. Cadbury had taken over Green Blacks, which is a chocolate manufacturing company that is known for its organic and fair trade labeled product.The arguments rely on in this case, is that this CSR attracts many consumers towards their concern of ethical business approach. However, this approach is taken by them to restore its damaged reputation by using cocoa from slave farms located in West Africa. Additionally, Kruschwitz (2012) states that, it is very important that maintaining a good CSR, results in providing good interpersonal relationships with their employees and offer them better offers and opportunities so that they can serve their best by associating with the organization. It is evident that after getting successful acquisitions over a British leading brand Cadbury, Kraft withdraws from their commitments. Tsagas (2012) highlights that prior to taking over the company, Kraft had committed to keeping the Cadbury Somerdale factory open; however, after completed takeover, they close the respective factory that results in a loss of 400 jobs. This leads to distrust towards the Krafts and poor relationship with Cadburys employees. Moreover, experts also found that not only the closure of the Cadburys Somerdale factory was the reason for their inability, but they also faced problems for not maintaining the high standards of care and accuracy that Cadbury has followed for commu nicating with their customers. Tsagas (2012) highlights that this breaches the Rule 19.1 of the Takeover Code, where an organization has to comply with the business plan of the acquisition company for enjoying complete acquisition. Moreover, Moeller (2012) highlights that Cadbury prior of getting acquisition, supports taking over companies that are highly ethical and can help in securing economic, social and economic sustainability. In addition to that, Cadbury's this believes can be seen from their initiatives for launching a GBP 44 million Cocoa Partnership (Barone et al. 2013). In this partnership, Cadbury had economic supported million cocoa farmers and their communities in the developing countries like Indonesia, India, Caribbean and Ghana. This makes the company a top selling as they are fully committed to CSR activities that make people aware of their approach towards an ethical business approach (Moeller 2012). However, Kraft after acquisition Cadbury did not show the support for the Cocoa Partnership that the latter company was following. Tsagas (2012) argued that initially, Kraft had said that they would follow all the CSR activities followed by Cadbury and align their CSR activitiesin order to satisf y the media, trade unions, and the House of Commons. However, in reality, months after the successful acquisition, Kraft seems to breaches their own commitment to following the ethical approach for doing business on behalf of Cadbury. Tsagas (2012) furthermore depicted that, if an organization is not satisfied with the business approach of their takeovers, they can propose their business approach that is completely functional and controlled by the acquisition group. Green Blacks also presented a proposal, where they were awaiting a management buyout to recover its CSR-friendly business as the concerned organization being a part of Kraft; they were struggling to maintain its fundamental CSR (Justmeans.com 2016). Kraft rejected the proposal and continued to impose their CSR approach on keeping Green Blacks as a part of its group. Cadburys workers also faced the same problem when they did not found any similarity in the offers that Kraft was providing to them and Cadbury had provided. Kruschwitz (2012) emphasize that Cadbury had built a fairyland factory as it offers their employee to enjoy their work and working atmosphere. Leading companies like Quaker also have taken such steps so that they can satisfy their emp loyees first and then about acquiring wealth. They had a space for cricket, a beautiful rose garden, and swings for the ladies and also had created utopian model towns so that employee can enjoy a luxurious life. Besides, Tsagas (2012) also stated that additional benefits also attract many employees for being associated with an organization and keep doing things that ensure the advancement of their company. Quakers approaches like raising the wages of their workforce, initiatives of pensions and Saturdays off along with the unemployment benefits and sickness benefits helped the concerned organization with high employee retention rate (Justmeans.com 2016). They have also provided the benefits of free dentists sittings, free doctors visits and vitamin pills for their staff so that their good health can be maintained. This makes them the worlds largest food company; however, Deborah Cadbury argued that in recent times, this vision of Quaker has disappeared and they no longer provide such fairy tale benefits to their employees (Justmeans.com 2016). The same scenario can be seen on the acquisitions of the Kraft, where they imposed their business rule on the employee rather than valuing their inter est. Thus, Krafts procedure can be considered as greenwashing. Conclusion Thus, from the entire study, it can be found that Kraft is using the concept of greenwashing when it comes to their maintenance of CSR. Thus, it is an agreed argument as Kraft for their global expansion has acquisition leading company like Cadbury but did not follow their high standard of employee and community relations that is one of the most crucial factors for an effective CSR of an organization. Reference List Barone, E., Ranamagar, N. and Solomon, J.F., 2013, September. A Habermasian model of stakeholder (non) engagement and corporate (ir) responsibility reporting. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 163-181). Elsevier. Justmeans.com., 2016.Bittersweet: How Kraft's Acquisition of Cadbury Ended the Dynasty of a CSR Luminary | Justmeans. [online] Available at: https://www.justmeans.com/blogs/bittersweet-how-krafts-acquisition-of-cadbury-ended-the-dynasty-of-a-csr-luminary [Accessed 26 Dec. 2016]. Kruschwitz, N., 2012. Why Kraft Foods cares about fair trade chocolate.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(1), p.1. Mahoney, L.S., Thorne, L., Cecil, L. and LaGore, W., 2013. A research note on standalone corporate social responsibility reports: Signaling or greenwashing?.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,24(4), pp.350-359. Moeller, S., 2012. Case study: Kraft's takeover of Cadbury.Financial Times, Jan,10(2012), pp.23-24. Tsagas, G., 2012. Reflecting on the value of socially responsible practices post takeover of Cadburys PLC by Kraft foods inc: implications for the revision of the EU takeover directive.European Company Law, Kluwer Law International, Special Issue on CSR and SRI,9(2), pp.70-80. Spiteri-Cornish, L., 2014. Case Study 10: A Sweet Deal: Cadbury Leads Kraft into Emerging Markets. In Marketing Cases from Emerging Markets (pp. 93-98). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tsagas, G., 2014. A Long-Term Vision for UK Firms? Revisiting the Target Director's Advisory Role Since the Takeover of Cadbury'S PLC.Journal of Corporate Law Studies,14(1), pp.241-275.