the last of the mohicans Essay -- essays research papers

The Last Of the Mohicans The film is set in 1757, the third year of war among England and France for the possession of the continent. The center of the story is the most notorious event of the cut and Indian War the so-called massacre of British troops, women and children by General Montcalms Indian assort after the British surrender of Fort William Henry to the French on 9th August 1757. The Struggle between the French and English for control of North the States became apparent in the late 1600s. The buffer between the two imperial powers was the presence of the five Nations of Iroquois who controlled almost all of what is now New York State. From West to east the tribes were the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and the Mohawk these five were joined by the Tuscarora to form six Nations in 1711. The film correctly portrays the Iroquois as ferocious warriors who practiced torture and covered their skins with continue grease and red ochre. The gathering of Indians in the temporar y military camps of 1757 leads to a misrepresentation of the daily lives of northeastern Indian tribes. The Iroquois, the Delaware, nor the Huron were nomadic hunter-warriors who only lived for battle. Iroquois tribes were fundamentally agricultural, and collectable to being inland people were less dependent upon British and French fur traders than were the Algonquin tribes. English settlement West and North from Albany and French from the West and South from Montreal made it hard for the Iroquois to pre...

censorhf Censorship of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Censorship of Huckleberry Finn As parents, it is important for you to know what information your nipper receives, especially in the learning environment of a classroom. The thought of your child reading a racially offensive book is unacceptable. Some people discover Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn racially offensive. If you as parents perceive this book to be offensive, it may lead some of you to request that teachers and administrators not allow students to read this book in school. I ask that you consider other options before taking this action. The actual reasons for the censorship of Huckleberry Finn depend on many other factors fear of uneducated or insensitive teachers leading student discussions, school administrators who wish to avoid controversy and discomfort with acknowledging our countrys painful hi invoice. What some people find offensive about this story is the language Huck Finn uses. In the story, Huck often refers to Jim as a nigger, which some g roups find unnecessary and reprehensible. In the minds of administrators and teachers, there is an easy solution by using less-controversial books. John Wallace, a school superintendent, writes, Pejorative bourns should not be granted any legitimacy by their use in the classroom under the guise of teaching books of great literary merit, nor for any other reason (18). Why are we afraid of these pejorative terms, instead of explaining to students what they mean and wherefore white people used to use them to address African-Americans? Yet instead of finding out why we worry if the children read a derogative term used commonly over a century ago, we ignore the subject and pat ourselves on the backs for saving childrens minds. Huckleberry Finn addresses topics dealing with race which are still germane(predicate) today. We cannot expect to solve the racial problems today by banning literature that deals directly with these issues. Twain writes about a friendship between a knuckle down and a white youth he demonstrates the lack of reason behind racist thought. These topics are not harmful to African-Americans, and if taught correctly, can be a compulsory learning experience. Instead of addressing these issues, administrators often remove the controversial book from the class reading list and replace it with another book. Former Justice William Douglas is noted for his anxiety with First Amendment freedoms on the Supreme Court. He writes, The First Amendment does not say that there is freedom of expression provided the talk is not dangerous.

Analysis of Angelas Ashes Narrated by Frank McCourt Essay -- Angelas

Analysis of Angelas Ashes Narrated by open McCourtAngelas Ashes A Memoir is wiener McCourts acclaimed recital. It charts the authors childhood from his infant old age in Brooklyn, through his impoverished adolescence in Limerick, Ireland, to his fall to America at the age of nineteen. First published in 1996, McCourts memoir won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize in the category of best Biography/Autobiography, and has at peace(p) on to become a worldwide bestseller. McCourt, who for gentlemans gentlemany years taught writing in a New York public high school, waited for over forty years to write about his troubled youth. Arguably, waiting for years before writing his register allowed Frank McCourt to talk about his childhood in the most accusatory way possible. McCourt treats the subject of his own difficult life with even-handedness and objectivity.McCourt never downplays the fact that he suffered from acute hunger and deprivation in his youth. He once set forth this autobiography as an epic of woe. Nothing about the authors boyhood was easy. But Franks world is non one of self-pity. Although the protagonist endures a troubled upbringing, it is one that instills in him sanitary moral values and a healthy sense of whim. McCourts prose style is ambitious in its scope, yet detailed in his focus it is prosaic in guild to capture everyday life, but poetic in order to evoke a homeland.McCourt wrote a sequel to Angelas Ashes entitled Tis, which describes his experiences as a young man in America. A film version of Angelas Ashes was made in 1999.Summary The narrator, Frank McCourt, describes how his parents meet in Brooklyn, New York. After his m other, Angela becomes pregnant with Frank, she marries Malachy, the father of her child. The family grows, and Angela struggles to nutriment her growing family of sons while Malachy spends his wages on drink. Franks much-loved baby sister Margaret dies, and Angela becomes depressed. The McCourts decide to return to Irelan d. In Ireland, more troubles plague the McCourts. Angela has a miscarriage, Franks two younger brothers die, and Malachy forever drinks away the dole money.McCourts childhood is characterized not only as a time of great deprivation, but as a time of good humor and adventure. When the first floor of the house floods during the winter, Angela and Malachy announce that the family will allow for the cold dam... ..., priests, family members, and wad in positions of authority. Even Franks father may be seen as an antagonist, since his alcohol addiction aggravates his familys poverty. However, Franks true antagonist is not one individual, but the general discrimination he faces because of his povertySetting (time) - Late 1930s and 1940sSetting (place) - Brooklyn, New York (briefly) and Limerick, IrelandPoint of stack - First personFalling Action - Frank earns enough money to leave for America, and says an emotional farewell to IrelandTense - Present tense or flying past the author writes as though he is experiencing events for the first time, in the puzzle momentForeshadowing - The death of baby Margaret seems to anticipate Franks near-continual state of mishap in Limerick, as he struggles to cope with the demise of two of his brothers, Theresa, and many other friends and relationsTone - Humorous, self-effacing, matter-of-fact. McCourt matches his tone to the age of the narrator, becoming more proficient and worldly as the narrative progressesThemes - Guilt, class distinction, hungerMotifs - Anti-English sentiment, stories and folktalesSymbols - River Shannon, eggs Analysis of Angelas Ashes Narrated by Frank McCourt Essay -- AngelasAnalysis of Angelas Ashes Narrated by Frank McCourtAngelas Ashes A Memoir is Frank McCourts acclaimed memoir. It charts the authors childhood from his infant years in Brooklyn, through his impoverished adolescence in Limerick, Ireland, to his return to America at the age of nineteen. First published in 1996, McCo urts memoir won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize in the category of best Biography/Autobiography, and has gone on to become a worldwide bestseller. McCourt, who for many years taught writing in a New York public high school, waited for over forty years to write about his troubled youth. Arguably, waiting for years before writing his autobiography allowed Frank McCourt to talk about his childhood in the most objective way possible. McCourt treats the subject of his own difficult life with even-handedness and objectivity.McCourt never downplays the fact that he suffered from acute hunger and deprivation in his youth. He once described this autobiography as an epic of woe. Nothing about the authors boyhood was easy. But Franks world is not one of self-pity. Although the protagonist endures a troubled upbringing, it is one that instills in him strong moral values and a healthy sense of humor. McCourts prose style is ambitious in its scope, yet detailed in his focus it is prosaic in order to capt ure everyday life, but poetic in order to evoke a homeland.McCourt wrote a sequel to Angelas Ashes entitled Tis, which describes his experiences as a young man in America. A film version of Angelas Ashes was made in 1999.Summary The narrator, Frank McCourt, describes how his parents meet in Brooklyn, New York. After his mother, Angela becomes pregnant with Frank, she marries Malachy, the father of her child. The family grows, and Angela struggles to feed her growing family of sons while Malachy spends his wages on drink. Franks much-loved baby sister Margaret dies, and Angela becomes depressed. The McCourts decide to return to Ireland. In Ireland, more troubles plague the McCourts. Angela has a miscarriage, Franks two younger brothers die, and Malachy constantly drinks away the dole money.McCourts childhood is characterized not only as a time of great deprivation, but as a time of good humor and adventure. When the first floor of the house floods during the winter, Angela and Malach y announce that the family will leave the cold dam... ..., priests, family members, and people in positions of authority. Even Franks father may be seen as an antagonist, since his alcoholism aggravates his familys poverty. However, Franks true antagonist is not one individual, but the general discrimination he faces because of his povertySetting (time) - Late 1930s and 1940sSetting (place) - Brooklyn, New York (briefly) and Limerick, IrelandPoint of View - First personFalling Action - Frank earns enough money to leave for America, and says an emotional farewell to IrelandTense - Present tense or immediate past the author writes as though he is experiencing events for the first time, in the present momentForeshadowing - The death of baby Margaret seems to anticipate Franks near-continual state of bereavement in Limerick, as he struggles to cope with the demise of two of his brothers, Theresa, and many other friends and relationsTone - Humorous, self-effacing, matter-of-fact. McCour t matches his tone to the age of the narrator, becoming more serious and worldly as the narrative progressesThemes - Guilt, class distinction, hungerMotifs - Anti-English sentiment, stories and folktalesSymbols - River Shannon, eggs

Pandora :: essays research papers

In Greek mythology Pandora was the first woman, bestowed upon humankind by Zeus as a punishment for Prometheus theft of fire. Entrusted with a box containing all the ills that could chevy people, she opened it out of curiosity and thereby released all the evils of human life wife of Epimetheus. Zeus ordered Hephaestus to make a mixture of earth and water supply and from it to create a woman as beautiful as a goddess. When she was ready, Athena adorned her and taught her how to weave, while Aphrodite endowed her with grace and passion, the Graces and Peitho garlanded her with gold ribbons and the Hours decorated her with bouncing flowers. Hermes, on the other hand, put malicious and lying words into her heart. Zeus called her Pandora, because she had received gifts (dora) fromall the gods, and send her off to Epimetheus. Bewitched by her beauty, he pilot in love with her and took her out for mankind to see. Pandoras fate was to be the cause of all human misfortune, because she op ened the lid of a jar from which evils of all kinds forthwith spilled out to fill the world. Only hope was left in the jar, because Pandora closed the lid again at the last moment. As a result, mankind - who until that measure had known no pain, sickness or death - was doomed to everlasting unhappiness.Pandora (mythological figure), in Greek mythology, first woman on earth, created by the god Hephaestus at the request of the god Zeus. Zeus wished to counteract the blessing of fire, which had been stolen from the gods by the Titan Prometheus and given to human beings. Endowed by the gods with every attribute of beauty and goodness, Pandora was sent to Epimetheus, who was happy to have her for his wife, although he had been warned by his brother Prometheus never to accept anything from Zeus. In bestowing their gifts on Pandora, the gods had given her a box, warning her never to open it.

Free Narrative Essays - Speeding Is A Dead End :: Example Personal Narratives

Speeding Is A Dead End         Part of being a human being is learning from our mistakes.  It is a natural process that we all experience at various periods of our lives.  For instance, throughout the process of learning how to solve mathematics problems, the only method is to practice answer the problems.  During this process of solving the problems, it is only natural to make mistakes.  By comparison, in life in general, the only way to learn to become a split person is by correcting the mistakes that were previously experienced.  During the past eighteen years, I have learned many lessons as a result of primarily making mistakes. My pay back always told me to obey the speed limit because one day I will unexpectedly have to pay the price.  Not only could I stamp out myself by speeding, I could kill other innocent people that could have been involved. Moreover, non only did I not comply with the speed limit, I did not obey my mother.  Unfortunately, I learned my lesson one gloomy day when I got caught for speeding on a city street by a natural law officer.         It was the typical setting to be accused for a driving offense.  The clouds were gray, the roads were slick due to a recent rainfall and there was not many cars on the road encouraging me to drive faster.  I had just gone through a yellow light at a major interbreeding and when I looked straight ahead, there was not a car in sight.  Due to the fact that the road was all mine, I was encouraged to break twenty-five kilometers over the speed limit. Admittedly, I almost heard my mother telling me to slow down.  After my increase in velocity, I noticed  I was approaching a downhill.  Since I was driving downhill, I was forced to pick up speed and I reached approximately 100 km/h. When I reached the take road again, I was able to see the road ahead.  To my surprise, I not iced an old, rotten car parked on the shoulder of the road and a person wearing a hat getting out of it.  As I drew nearer, I noticed that it was a police officer directing me to pause the car and park on the shoulder of the

Free Narrative Essays - Speeding Is A Dead End :: Example Personal Narratives

Speeding Is A Dead End         Part of being a human being is learning from our mistakes.  It is a natural work at that we all experience at various periods of our lives.  For instance, throughout the process of learning how to solve mathematics problems, the only method is to practice figure out the problems.  During this process of solving the problems, it is only natural to make mistakes.  By comparison, in life in general, the only way to learn to become a better person is by correcting the mistakes that were previously experienced.  During the past eighteen years, I have learned many lessons as a result of primarily making mistakes. My mother always told me to imitate the speed limit because one day I will unexpectedly have to pay the price.  Not only could I kill myself by speeding, I could kill other innocent people that could have been involved. More everywhere, not only did I not comply with the speed limit, I di d not obey my mother.  Unfortunately, I learned my lesson one gloomy day when I got caught for speeding on a city street by a police officer.         It was the typical cathode-ray oscilloscope to be accused for a driving offense.  The clouds were gray, the avenues were slick due to a recent rainfall and there was not many cars on the road encouraging me to drive faster.  I had just gone through a yellow light at a major intersection and when I looked dandy ahead, there was not a car in sight.  Due to the fact that the road was all mine, I was encouraged to travel twenty-five kilometers over the speed limit. Admittedly, I almost heard my mother telling me to slow down.  After my increase in velocity, I noticed  I was approaching a downhill.  Since I was driving downhill, I was forced to pick up speed and I reached approximately 100 km/h. When I reached the level road again, I was able to see the road ahead.  To my surprise, I noticed an old, rotten car greened on the shoulder of the road and a person wearing a hat getting out of it.  As I drew nearer, I noticed that it was a police officer directing me to stop the car and park on the shoulder of the

Anthropocentrism

anthropocentricity is the position that human beings are the central or most significant species on the planet, or the assessment of reality through an only if human perspective. The term can be used interchangeably with humanocentrism, while the prototypical concept can also be referred to as human supremacy. anthropocentrism is a major concept in the field of environmental ethics and environmental philosophy, where it is often considered to be the root cause of problems created by human interaction with the environment however, it is profoundly embedded in many modern human cultures and conscious acts.Anthropocentrism, also known as homocentricism, has been posited by some environmentalists, in such(prenominal) books as Confessions of an Eco-Warrior by Dave Foreman and Green Rage by Christopher Manes, as the underlying (if unstated) reason why humanity dominates and sees the need to develop most of the Earth. Anthropocentrism is believed by some to be the central problematic co ncept in environmental philosophy, where it is used to draw attention to a systematic bias in traditional Western attitudes to the non-human world. 3 Val Plumwood has argued45 that anthropocentrism plays an analogous role in green theory to androcentrism in feminist theory and ethnocentrism in anti-racist theory. Plumwood calls human-centredness anthrocentrism to emphasise this parallel. One of the first extended philosophical essays addressing environmental ethics, John Passmores Mans Responsibility for Nature has been criticised by defenders of deep ecology because of its anthropocentrism, often claimed to be constitutive of traditional Western clean-living thought.Defenders of anthropocentrist views point out that maintenance of a healthy, sustainable environment is necessary for human well-being as opposed for its own sake. The problem with a school viewpoint is non that it is human-centred but that according to William Grey Whats wrong with shallow views is not their concern about the well-being of humans, but that they do not really consider enough in what that well-being consists.According to this view, we need to develop an enriched, fortified anthropocentric notion of human interest to replace the dominant short-term, sectional and self-regarding conception. In turn, Plumwood in Environmental Culture The Ecological Crisis of Reason comprehensively debunked Greys anthropocentrism as inadequate.

Importance of Schools Essay

Insertion of Article 25-A in the Constitution has guaranteed the provision of free and domineering education by the state to all children in the mature cohort of 5 to 16 years. The 18th amendment and insertion of Article 25-A has the potential to accelerate the pace of achievement of national and international targets towards the achievements of MDGs since right to free and compulsory education has been recognized. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the inadequacy of appropriate public sector educational institutes leads to the tall ratio of drop bring out from shoals. The available public sector schools in KP are not able to support gritty influx of students passing out from primary schools. Each second union council in Pakistans Khyber Pakhtunkhwa duty has no high school for girls, leaving thousands of female students to drop out after completing primary education. Latest official data reveals that around 505 out of the total 990 union councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa score no high schoo l for girls showing the apathy of the successive governments towards female education in the militancy-ravaged duty.Similarly, 158 union councils switch no high schools for boys. In the absence of high schools both for girls and boys majority of the students in the respective areas have no option but to stop pass to schools after completing primary education. Unfortunately, on one hand a number of educational institutions, particularly for girls, were blown up or torched in the militant-infested districts of the province firearm on other the government in past failed to pay heed to establishment of high schools to boost the already deteriorating standard of education. The insecurity and lack of schools have increased the dropout rate of the children in early age. Sitting aside the far-off districts like inaccessible Kohistan and Dir, even the capital city of Peshawar is short of educational institutions. Out of total 93 union councils in Peshawar, about 55 have no high school fo r girls while 32 of them are without high school for boys, according to the data. Out of 75 union councils in Mardan the second largest city in KP, 34 have no high school for girls and 15 have no high school for boys.The Kohistan district has total 38 union councils but only one of them has a high school for girls. Similarly, its 24 union councils have no high schools for boys. Bannu has 47 union councils and among them 23 have no high school for girls and 15 are without high school for boys. Similarly, 41 union councils in Swat, 21 in Abbottabad, 23 in Chitral, 27 in Charsadda, 14 in Dera Ismail Khan, 10 inLower Dir, 33 in Mansehra, 24 in Nowshera, 23 in Lakki, 16 in Battagram, 20 in Upper Dir, 23 in Shangla and 13 in Hangu have no high schools for girls. According to policy analysis report from UNESCO in 2012, there are about 2,845,843 students enrolled at primary level throughout KP, while only 1,077,597 at high schools in KP.This shows that al close 50% get dropped out after pri mary schools due to one reason or another, the most prevailing of which is the huge difference in the number of institutes both at primary and high level leads to the drop out of most of the students due to the non-availability of high schools in their locality or the high schools available do not have the facilities to accommodate the large number of students. Majority of the population cannot afford the compensation structures of private schools so they are unwillingly compelled to discontinue the education of their children, and leaving no option but to involve their children in child labor. The lack of advanced Schools in the locality also leads to dropout. Due to cultural norms and values people mostly dont send their female children to schools far from them.

Hoaxes: Deception and Cardiff Giant

Hoaxes What is a Hoax? A hoax is something that is intended to deceive you or better described as a theory. They argon many hoaxes in the world that have been developed over time. The two I have decided to tell you about are in the top 10 famous hoaxes in the world. These two are the Cardiff Giant and then the Cottingley Fairies. As you will out while you continue to hire is both of these came out not to be completely true. George Hull who was a tobacconist created the hoax, Cardiff Giant. He decided to create the giant after an argument at a Methodist meeting about a passage stating there were giants that once lived on the earth. The men he hired to carve the man, were instructed to make it foresighted out of gypsum. Edward Burghardt was hired by Hull to carve the stone into a man and not tell anyone. To make the stone man look out of date and weathered, they used many stains and acids. By the time he was transported to a farm the United States has already spent 2,600 dollars try ing to figure out the hoax, this was in 1868. In almost 1869, two men dug up a well and discovered the giant. One of the reporters said, I declare some old indian has been bury here Later some guy set up a tent and charged 25 cents for people who wanted to see the giant. Hull afterward sold his interest for 23,000 dollars to a man with the name of David Hannum. They moved it to Sycacuse, New York for an exhibit. It was so popular that a man named P. T. Barnum bump offered 50,000 dollars for the giant he was turned down. He later hired a man to model the giants shape and cover it in wax and created a plaster replica. The replica was put on boast at New York and claimed that it was real and the other one was fake.Barnum got sued by Hannum for calling his giant fake. Barnum got sued by Hannum for calling his giant fake. Hull eventually confessed to the press on December 10. On February 2, 1870, both of the giants were revealed in the court as being, fake. Barnum was ruled by the ju dge that he couldnt be sued. The story of Cottingley Fairies is based off of a series of five pictures that were taken by Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths. Elsie borrowed her dads 25 cent camera one day and toke pictures behind the family house. As Mr.Wright was growing the pictures, he saw fairies in them, but he said they were, fake. She was banned from taking anymore pictures, but her mom, Polly, was convinced they were real. In the summer of 1919, the whole post became public and an author wrote an article saying these fairies were real. The next fifty years od there life was spent avoiding the public and is particular hoax go along to be believed by a lot of people. Frances and Elsie both admitted when they were about to die that the first four that were taken was fake, but the fifth photo was, authentic.

Aphasia Essay

The terms jargon aphasia and jargon agraphia describe the production of incomprehensible language containing frequent phonological, semantic or neologistic errors in speech and writing, respectively. Here we describe two patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) who produced neologistic jargon either in speech or writing. We suggest that involvement of the layabout superior temporalinferior parietal region may lead to a disconnection between stored lexical representations and language output pathways leading to deviate activation of phonemes in neologistic jargon.Parietal lobe involvement is relatively unusual in PPA, perhaps accounting for the comparative rarity of jargon early in the quarrel of these diseases. Aphasia is a communication disorder. Its a result of damage or injury to language parts of the brain. And its more common in of age(p) adults, particularly those who have had a stroke. Aphasia gets in the way of a soulfulnesss ability to use or understand words. Aphasia does not impair the persons intelligence. People who have aphasia may have difficulty speaking and finding the right words to complete their thoughts.They may also have problems savvy conversation, reading and comprehending written words, writing words, and using numbers What Causes Aphasia? Aphasia is usually caused by a stroke or brain injury with damage to one or more parts of the brain that deal with language. According to the National Aphasia Association, about 25% to 40% of people who survive a stroke get aphasia. Aphasia may also be caused by a brain tumor, brain infection, or dementia such as Alzheimers disease.In some cases, aphasia is a presage of epilepsy or other neurological disorder. What Are the Types of Aphasia? There are types of aphasia. Each type can cause impairment that varies from mild to severe. Common types of aphasia include the sideline * Expressive aphasia (non-fluent) With expressive aphasia, the person knows what he or she wants to say yet has difficulty communicating it to others. It doesnt matter whether the person is trying to say or write what he or she is trying to communicate.Receptive aphasia (fluent) With receptive aphasia, the person can hear a voice or read the print, but may not understand the meaning of the message. Oftentimes, someone with receptive aphasia takes language literally. Their testify speech may be disturbed because they do not understand their own language. * Anomic aphasia. With anomic aphasia, the person has word-finding difficulties. This is called anomia. Because of the difficulties, the person struggles to find the right words for speaking and writing. * Global aphasia.This is the most severe type of aphasia. It is often seen right afterwards someone has a stroke. With global aphasia, the person has difficulty speaking and understanding words. In addition, the person is un suitable to read or write. * primary progressive aphasia. Primary progressive aphasia is a rare disorder where peopl e slowly lose their ability to talk, read, write, and comprehend what they hear in conversation over a rate of flow of time. With a stroke, aphasia may improve with proper therapy. There is no treatment to reverse primary progressive aphasia.People with primary progressive aphasia are able to communicate in ways other than speech. For instance, they might use gestures. And m each benefit from a combination of speech therapy and medications. Aphasia may be mild or severe. With mild aphasia, the person may be able to converse yet have trouble finding the right word or understanding interlinking conversations. Severe aphasia limits the persons ability to communicate. The person may say little and may not participate in or understand any conversation.

Nokia Applying Art of War Essay

cheerfulness Zi Art of War is one of the oldest and most succeederful books on military strategy. It had an influence on Eastern military thinking, credit line tactic and beyond. In this assignment, we will apply Sun Zi Art of War Theories into companies chosen, Nokia Firstly, our assignment is found on Chapter Four (Disposition of the Army) of Sun Zis Art of War. One of the severalise points of Chapter Four is ab let out a skillful general will ensure undiscomfitedness when waiting the opportunity to offend or protect the antagonist.In business circles, we get under ones skin to create opportunities to defeat and set conditions to ensure that we would not be defeated by rivals. Furthermore, a skillful general should possess to evaluate the chances of victory. There are five stages that need to look into. There are estimating the degree of difficulty, assessing the scope of operation, calculation of own forces, comparison of forces and establishing the chances of victory. A ll of these stages are useful till nows business practices.Nokia is a gild involved in digital technologies, including fluid phones, telecommunications network, wireless data solutions and multimedia terminals. Nokias history is from 1865 when engineer Idestam constituted a wood-pulp mill in southern Finland and start manufacturing paper. The beginning of Nokias journey into telecommunication was is in 1960, Nokia? s Cable Works Electronics subdivision started to conduct research into semiconductor technology. Content Related to our topic-Weaknesses and Strengths, we would like to use a mobile phone company as an example, which is Nokia.Nokia is a Finnish transnational communications corporation. Nokia is engaged in the manufacturing of mobile cunnings and in converging Internet and communications industries. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile telephones and it produces mobile devices for every major(ip) foodstuff segment . Offending and fight downing is one of the elements in Sun Zi concepts. Sun Zi said Those who were skillful in warfare ensued that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy.It baseborns that we not only need to flaming but need to defend too. besides waiting for hances to attack, we need to defend ourselves from organism defeated by competitions too. This concept is being applied on new(a) business strategies and practices. We sight see that Nokia is skillful in warfare (business world). Besides produces mobile phone, Nokia also offers Internet attend tos much(prenominal)(prenominal) as applications, games, music, maps, media and messaging. Apart from that, Nokia also comes out with assorted model of mobile phone, for example, N-series, Xpress Music series, Supernova series and another(prenominal)s with several(predicate) function to attract variant range of mobile phone users.Besides that, Nokias subsidiary Nokia Siemens Networks produces telecommunications network equi pment, solutions and services and it also engaged in providing free digital map instruction and navigation services through its wholly-owned subsidiary Navteq. From this we can see that Nokia not only attack its competitors by producing different kind of cell phone but also defend itself by having other products and services other than cell phone. At the same time, Sun Zi also mentioned that the ability that is preventing defeat depends on oneself, man the opportunity for victory depends on the enemy.Nokia has its own preventing defeat ability by having their own professional power and Research & Development department. Their designers are assigned to design some new and attractive model to attract different level of mobile phone users while research and development are carried out to invent some new function to improve the quality and value of the cell phone. Apart from that, Nokia is now proviso to have collaborations with competitors.Alongside pursuing this goal of nurturing more innovative partnerships, Nokia will also be looking to explore new product categories for Symbian and Smartphone technologies, extending the reach of higher-end technologies into mid-range devices aft(prenominal) they addresses a need for many people looking to downgrade to less expensive products, especially in such fragile economic times. Nokia also comes out with Nokia 5800 XpressMusic as it offers unique value for those who want to experience their music on the move, after found that all touch screen devices are sold popularly worldwide.Besides that, Sun Zi also said Defend when military strength is weaker than enemy and attack when forces are stronger than enemy. This means that we should defend when forces and imagings are inadequate and attack when forces and resources are more than abundant. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Nokia ran into serious financial problems due to its heavy losses by the television manufacturing division and businesses that were honorable too diverse.The company responded by streamlining its telecommunications divisions and by divesting itself of the television and PC divisions. After the strategic change, Nokia gained a huge increase in gross sales from Finland to North America, sulphur America and Asia. The exploding worldwide popularity of mobile telephones had made the company the worlds largest mobile phone manufacturer. With solid foundations and sound financial situations, Nokia has recently plans to develop Salo go under operating mode to further increase production speed and efficiency for a growing Smartphone market.Besides that, Nokia also merge with Intel to be software platforms for emerging computing devices. Sun Zi said A skillful general studies the ways that can lead to victory, and set up proper organizational structure and control, and plead law and order which will lead to victory. The person adept in warfare not only cultivates his moral jurisprudence but maintains law and order. In this way, he is able to develop policies that determine victory and defeat in war. For example, Nokia has a proper organizational structure and control.Nokia comprises three business groups which included Devices, Services, Solutions and Market. The intravenous feeding units receive operational support from the Corporate Development Office which is also responsible for exploring corporate strategic and future growth opportunities. The Devices division is responsible for develop and managing Nokias mobile device portfolio, including the sourcing of components. The Services division operates in five areas of consumer Internet services music, maps, media, messaging and games.This group works with companies outside the telecommunications industry to arrest advances in the technology and bring new applications and possibilities in areas such as online services, optics, music synchronization and streaming media. On the same time, the Solutions division is responsible for Nokias offering of solutions, where the mobile device, personalized services and content are integrated into a package for the consumer while the Markets division is responsible for the focus of the supply chains, sales channels, brand and marketing functions of the company.Discussions When we discus about Nokia is company which the first enters into the business field has the priority to gain the market and has advantages over other companies. Actually, this is not escaped being a marketing leader in this industry the rick was also instrumental to take in Nokias worldwide effort to turn back the financial strength and flexibility. This strong financial are help the company able to have a very strong and efficient human resource team.This strong financial background help company to attack its competitors by producing different kind of cell phone and also defend itself by having other products and services other than cell phone. Nokia believes it should be well-fixed to share information and conte nt between our cell phone and other devices you use everyday such as PC and the web. This way it is easy to keep everything synchronized and ensure people always have access to the things they love, such as music, and the services they use, such as navigation, whenever and wherever people need them. The average person spends between one and two hours per day in their car.Given that their cell phone not only holds their favourite music but now, if it is a Nokia cell phone, comes with free worldwide navigation services (Maps), the next logical step is to provide an easy way to connect their cell phone to their car. This way services and content from the mobile can be fully integrated with the in-car speakers, displays and control systems. Just as importantly, though, this connection should be two-way so that the cell phone can access performance information from the vehicle itself and provide more relevant information to the driver.Nokia company not only responsible for corporate and technology strategy, strategic alliances partnerships, research, standardization, intellectual property rights, and venturing. Nokia has a well-defined and efficient human resources team that is organizational HR, Business HR, and CPD. These groups work closely with employees and management to create and carry out all people initiatives. They also responsibility for all human resources activity including employee development, management and leadership development, compensation, benefits, staffing and global diversity.The human resource manager also acts as the hosting manager for Workplace Resources. This role involves helping Workplace Resources achieve their goals by being a discussion partner for him and his leadership team. Sun Zi said The purpose of raising such a large army is to achieve wsift and decisive victories. It mean in such a big increase in troops is aimed at achieving wsift and decisive victory, before a company want to be success they must raising the employees we lfare and their fight heart. RecommendationAs we know, Nokia, which has entered into the mobile phone business since early 1980s, has more advance history than other mobile brand like Sony Ericsson, which entered the field on October 2001. Thus, Nokia should keep on improving their mobile phone and devices by using the element of Sun Zi Art of War. Sun Zi said Those who arrive first at the domain will have sufficient time to rest and prepare against the enemy. Those who arrive late at the battleground will have to rush into battle when they are already exhausted.In other word, company which the first enters into the business field has the priority to gain the market share and has advantages over other companies. Since the trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, Nokia can gain a number of its loyal customers. Nokia also continually to modify and innovative its mobile phones and devices, and more expensive multimedia and enterprise-class devices. to a greater ex tentover, Nokia has more experience than Sony Ericsson in communication sector.Furthermore, Nokia Company suited with flexibility, adaptability and shaping with their products when the environment cipher occur, like economic recession or inflation. Indeed, it should not seek to conform, but to transform itself to suit the environment. Based on chapter six, the person who gains victories by adapting to the changing conditions and situations of the enemy can be considered a legend in warfare. When the company meets the obstacles, they also should be flexible like water by changing their tactics to whip the difficulty to ensure they are undefeatness by the opponents.The Nokia Way emphasizes the speed and flexibility of decision making in a flat, network organization, clearly stated by Nokias official corporate culture manifesto. The trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, but Nokia company also should redefine its determine by develop Nokias official corporate culture manifesto. The trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, but Nokia company also should redefine its values by develop their product to satisfy customer needs and expectation.Its comes out with the slogan, that is Engaging You, Achieving Together, Passion for Innovation and Very Human in May 2007. More troops would be committed when the situation dictated so. In addition, Nokia Company need to matching strategies with ground characteristics in the business environment. This is evident in the unhomogeneous descriptions given to each type of group and the different strategies advocated for them. Based on chapter eleven, Sun Zi emphasized the importance of understanding and exploiting these different grounds.He said that the efficacious deployment of troops, whether they are strong and weak, depends on the understanding and exploitation of the terrain. Nokia Company should exploit different branch to selling various type of mobile phone device over the coun try by fitting the affordable consumers needs at the right place, in a right time. For example, Nokia offers a free personalized service to its subscribers called My Nokia which located at my. nokia. com. Registered My Nokia users can avail free services as tips and tricks alerts through web, e-mail and also mobile text message.My Nokia Backup is the service needs GPRS connection to get a free online backup service for mobile contacts, calendar logs and also various other files. Besides, numerous ringtones, wallpapers, screensavers, games and other things can be downloaded free of cost. Then, Nokia develop some strategic to merchandise their product by using market basket analysis or organize a Nokia Fair by promote product at a cheaper price in order to gain more market share in this modern world. Conclusion Through our assignment report, we know that many Sun Zis Art of War concept has been applied in today modern business strategies and practices.This has proof by our assignments research. The studies of Sun Zis theories are use in today business based on the example company we choose, which is the Nokia mobile phone company is very useful and effective. Our research had discovered that Nokia had applied the Sun Zis concept of Disposition of the Army as a guideline for achieving the company goals. As a conclusion, the first knowledge we learned through this report is we cannot always attack but need to defend based on different situation. As we waiting for chances to attack, we need to defend ourselves from being defeated.Secondly, we also learned that we can build an invincible defend to make the competitor difficult in attacking us. However, to defeat the competitors, one has to attack and the chances of victory depend on how strong the competitors can defend. The next thing we learned is we should defend when forces and resources are inadequate and attack when forces and resources are more than abundant. Lastly, we also learned that the person adept in w arfare not only cultivates his moral code but maintains law and order. In this way, he is able to develop policies that determine victory and defeat in war.

Vision’s of Light

Applying Visions of Light The Art of Cinematography After watching the film, Visions of Light The Art of Cinematography, I was introduced to the beauty of capturing perfected visible light, highlighting, and shadowing. Before watching this documentary, I neer truly foc utilise on how a sight was portrayed and why it made me feel how I did. After careful consideration, I have refractory to apply my new knowledge to why I feel, A Little Princess has been perfected by cinematographer, Emmanuel Lubezki. Furthermore, why I am pleased to know that A Little Princess, was nominated Academy Award for Best Cinematography back in 1996.During the film, Visions of Light, I learned about the importance of how lighting an individual or a certain part of a room can speak for itself. One fact that I found was provoke, was one character in a scene will have more light on them than any others in the room to show the importance of that character in that moment. Another interesting fact I learned wa s on female actresses, they used flashing to make the image look soft and beautiful. In A Little Princess, Emmanuel Lubezki used flashing during filming.My favorite scenes are of India with the contrast between the richness of whites, oranges, and bright yellows. The cinematography is so soft and beautiful, it can easily consume one. Another scene that takes my breath away, is when Sara wakes up one morning to the light shining into her glass windows. As she gets out of bed, her windows fly open with little snow flakes floating in the air. The light captures it so well, you can see each speck of glittering snow. The rest of the room is dark, while the light strictly focuses on her while she twirls in the snow.It truly is alluring. On the contrary, shadowing and darkening also can speak for itself. Visions of Light, referenced darkening scenes to give off sadness, lonesome, anxious, and horror. It builds up suspense and thrill. This aspect of lighting is applied to A Little Princess, as well. There is such a dullness to New York in the movie. It has colors of green, black and white. Each scene is down in the mouth and sad. The scene where Sara Crews father has recently been presumed dead, she is walking up to the attic where she will be living with absolute nothing.During her walk, the long hall behind her is dark with merely a few candles lit. As Sara proceeds to walk to her bed, the room is shadowed and darkened, giving the watchers a sense of sadness and loneliness. The way this movies heightens and diminishes colors is quite symbolic. The cinematography captures the beauty in the movie so well, it almost creates the story on its own. Being more advanced in knowledge, I cannot wait to start comparison differences between movies and how each cinematographer displays their own piece of art.

Challenges Facing the Youth

Bill Henry ENC 1101 4th period Would you agree that in society today, there are several challenges lining the youth? Due to the economy and state standards, it has become votelesser for the youth to not only set goals and to accomplish the task which they meet set for themselves. Graduation rates are lower, college enrollment is declining, and unemployment rates are increasing. One challenge facing todays youth is that graduation rates are gradually decreasing yearly because school is becoming harder due to new state standards. As of the year 2012-2013, ordinal grade students have been mandatory to take a running game called the PERT.The PERT test assesses students on the three basic results math, reading, and writing skills. To display college readiness it is required that a student at least makes a 113 in math, 104 in reading, and a 99 in writing. If you fail to obtain the recommended score in these subject areas and your ACT scores are lower than average, you will be placed in remedial courses your senior year. Not all students are great test takers therefore, for most students this may be a challenge. Yet another challenge is declining college enrollment. Many young adults feel as though college is not for them due to the hard time they may have had in gritty school.Not only that, the cost of tuition is extremely high. Between 200001 and 201011, prices for undergraduate tuition, room, and board at public institutions rosaceous 42 percent. Most young adults cannot afford it, especially those who are forced to be on their own after high school. Another challenge that is facing the youth is increasing unemployment rates. In a 2011 news story, BusinessWeek reported, More than 200 million people globally are out of work, a record high, as almost two-thirds of advanced economies and half of developing countries are experiencing a slowdown in employment growth.Nowadays, most jobs require that you have a high school diploma to work. Not everyone finishes h igh school Many students in previous years are satisfied with a GED. These young adults with GEDs have now encountered a problem with job finding. Due to the economy and state standards, graduation rates are lower, college enrollment is declining, and unemployment rates are increasing. Yes, I by all odds agree that in society today, there are several challenges facing the youth.

English Assignment Essay

Powerful characters deem the ability to persuade and change their peers and their use of determine and attitudes. Harper lees novel To overcome a Mockingbird is a classic text which foregrounds the blemish, in the form of social commentary. The novel engages the readers peck using an episodic structure. The story is narrated through the eyes of a grown up Scout, representing Harper Lee herself. A nonher similar story A time to kill by John Grisham defence of a Negro by white lawyer. In this story, the Negro, Carl Lee Hailey is accused of the alleged shooting of two-white men who attack his ten year old daughter. These two novels illustrate how the rights of Negroes are ignored.Body1. genus Atticus Finch is a lawyer in Maycomb which is a small, narrow-minded town with an unusual disease (95). A prejudice disease. He displays tolerance, soul of other persons point of view and being able to stand in another person shoes. He stands up for what is right and takes the case even th ough hell lose and believes in individual sense of right and wrong, the essence of a persons conscience (114). A symbol of reason and justice. * He uses powerful words to move the dialog box to be unprejudiced and fair by speaking of par and how the stupid man is the equal of an Einstein and an ignorant man is the equal of any college president. Powerful expiration to speech I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have perceive do your duty (224) although he failed in tomcats case because he lived in the trustworthy world. A world of prejudice.2. Wanda Womack, one of the jurors deciding the results of the case, convinces the other jurors with her powerful languages. She appeals to the other jurors with the sense of honesty and subscribe to them to be honest with yourself (504). Throughout her influential speech, she uses persuasive technique by getting them to envisage the property in reverse, pretend that the little girl had blond hai r and blue eyes, that the two rapists were black. and told them to ideate that the little girl belonged to them their daughters (513). Because of this courageous white woman, the jury voted that jury finds the defendant not guilty by reason of insanity (508).3. Atticus beliefs represented by Harper Lee through the character of Atticus. In his speech, he talks about the evil assumption that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically unrighteous beings that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women (223). He does not believe it because it applies to white people as well. Atticus believes that all men are created equal (224) exactly that it is ugly facts of life (240) that in our courts, when its a white mans world against a black mans, the white man always wins (240). He believes in his moral responsibility.4. Wanda asks the other jury to search your heart and take a long look at your soul (503) & (504)5. Did the characters change their peers attitudes? Atticus did not change their peers, even though he used the power of the language and use of values and attitudes. Atticus used every tool available to free men to save Tom Robinson. Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed. However, in the other hand, Wanda changed their peers. She asked the Jurors to put themselves in Carl Lees shoes. She used the language to promote empathy.Conclusion2 novels explored the issue of racial prejudice and justice through the trials of two black men. Through the persuasive language of 2 characters, they prick the conscience of people who are riddled with prejudice and hypocrisy. Atticus and Wanda struggled for justice while they struggle for justice, they displayed values and belief. careless(predicate) of the outcome, they both powerfully presented their case to defend the two defendants.

Managing Operations, Information

Managing Operations, Information, and Knowledge of penetration bon vivant Words 3,000 TABLE OF confine Page Abstract 4 1. 0 Introduction 5 2. 0 About approach gastronome 5 3. 0 Systems that alter efficient physical exercise of input resources and their impact on output of goods and run supplied by Gate Gourmet 6 3. 1 Transformation Process 6 3. 2 issue Techniques 6 1. Cuisine Sous-Vides 6 2. Hot Filling 6 3. Modified Atmosphere pugilism 6 4. Food Safety Checks and Assurance Systems 7 5.Gate Serve Provisioning serve 7 6. Post feather Aircraft discovery 7 2. Existence of Trade-offs within Gate Gourmet and disputes faced by following this approach 8 4. 0 yield fibril Management issues and provider selection 9 4. 1 Supply Chain 9 2. Supply Chain Management 9 3. Impact of integrated system in the counselling of suppliers and supplier selection 9 1. Alpha Flight separate 9 2. Pourshins 10 3. Supplair 10 4. DeSter 10 5.Potmstudios 11 6. Harmony 11 4. Recommendations for le ss advanced suppliers to establish consistent standard of operations with the bring home the bacon string activities 11 5. 0 ERP System 12 5. 1 Scala 12 1. E-Gatematrix 12 1. Challenges faced by the connection in implementing ERP System 12 2. ERP implementation problems and solutions 13 1. Galley Planning 13 2. Complications of info 13 3. Business Intelligence and Reporting 14 4.Selection of menus according to the passenger mix 14 6. ample information use by Gate Gourmet to deliver their inspection and repair 14 1. Human soundless and implicit intimacy is es moveial to make sense of hard statistical information and the corresponding is utilize for enhancing performance 14 7. Conclusion 16 References 17 Abstract A biggest gainsay for the companies in forthwiths world is the managing operations, information and experience by means ofout the organisation. Each and every federation is struggling for the precaution of operations, information and knowledge in the competiti ve market.The whole production and preservation process, challenges with the existence of trade-off, cut fibril activities, ERP, and gentlemans gentleman understood and implicit knowledge to deal with the processes are discussed in this part with reference to the Gate gourmet Company. Managing Operations, Information, and Knowledge of Gate Gourmet 1. Introduction Each club wants to sustain in the exceedingly competitive market. For this, the companies are involved in the prudence of operations, information and knowledge byout the organisation, which has now years give out of utmost importance.The company go for integration with separate firms to modify their processes and for the application of software product, which are utilise uniformly by the different departments of the organisation and their suppliers as well as customers. In the business of catering, providing just quantities at right time at the right place is of greatest importance. For the achievement of th e goal, the company that enable efficient use of input resources to generate the effective output uses those systems. The company in integration with the different companies to provide the quality meals uses new production techniques.Also the supplier selection plays a critical role in supply bowed stringed instrument management process. The company to rectify their processes uses the ERP system and human tacit and implicit knowledge. In this part of study, all these activities are discussed with the case of Gate Gourmet. 2. About Gate Gourmet The Gate Group brand was introduced in early 2008 after several acquisitions after being founded in the year 1992. The company offers catering and last mile provisioning for airlines and railroads, lounges and business aviation. The companys main force of secondary tax income is onboard retail operations (Gate gourmet). . Systems that enable efficient use of input resources and their impact on output of goods and bring in supplied by Gat e Gourmet 1. Transformation Process It includes the processes, which diversifys the input to the output by adding value to the product. at that place are two categories of input resources i. e. transformed resources which are varyed from input to the output and include materials and information, and transforming resources which helps to convert input to the output and include facilities identical buildings, equipments, process applied science and the staff (NSW Government). 2.The new production techniques are used by Gate Gourmet to provide the meals of restaurant quality and alike manageable in terms of cost, quality, portion and safety. These production techniques help in efficient use of input resources. 1. Cuisine Sous-Vides The company to achieve amazing flavour and texture uses this technique. This technique relies on temperature-controlled circulator in which the nourishment for thought is vacuum-sealed and cooked in a precisely controlled water bath. As the method i s very easy to learn, it helps in better control and presumable results every time (PolyScience). 2. Hot FillingThis technology is very easy to handle even by unpaid workers. This high temperature helps in the sterilisation of bottles and other equipments to maintain the high quality standards. 3. Modified Atmosphere Packing The technology helps in expanding the shelf life of fresh viands products. The modified atmosphere packing technology substitutes the atmospheric air inside the package with the protective gas mix which ensures that the product will stand fresh for long time. The company used this technology for packing of red meats, fruits and vegetables. This helped to achieve the minimal spoliation of the input resources and lowers the be.The company has established sophisticated machineries for this purpose (Modified Atmosphere Packaging). 4. Food Safety Checks and Assurance Systems The company voluntarily follows HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) to ensu re intellectual nourishment for thought safety. The company inspects every vehicle that delivers the untoughened materials, check by digital probe food temperatures during the production and delivery process, temperature checks on every fortune food every dish and surface is cleaned while food preparation, this helps in production and delivery of food that is clean and safe (Gate Gourmet). . Gate Serve Provisioning work Gate Serve, a subsidiary of Gate Gourmet, helps in assembling soda drawers, packing silverware, provisioning packaged food items, and aircraft watering. This helps in efficiently responding to changes of new procedures in the grocery (Gate Serve). The provisioning of items helped in making the trip safe and comfortable for the passengers. For these services, the company has installed cooling systems, onboard cameras and state-of-the-art engines. 6. Post Flight Aircraft StrippingIn the catering process, the carts are removed and undertaken to the trajectory ki tchen and unloading and sanitisation. Using the recycling system, the trash is uncaring from the general waste stream and sterilised before disposal. Crockery and other reusable items are sent for dishwashing and sterilisation line (Gate Gourmet Aircraft Provisioning). 3. Existence of Trade-offs within Gate Gourmet and challenges faced by following this approach The tradeoffs between economising and flexibility were noticed within the organisation.The reduction in expenditures helped the company to extend to the competitive advantage whereas the flexibility needs to be applied to meet the last minute call for of the clients, some clock, which may cause wastage of food products. With the conflicting get hold ofs of the organisation, trade-offs were considered within the organisation. The trade-offs are considered for balancing the transformation process. Main challenge in presence of managers is to maximise the cost reduction with flexibility and the dilemma cannot be completely eliminated.The stabilization mechanism needs to be established within the organisation to meet the uncertain requests and to maintain stableness in the production and delivery process. Also, the company had dilemma of trade-offs between making and buying of certain products. buy of food products included outsourcing to the other company. But the challenge was that the making led to increase in costs and buying which will lead to outsourcing has hidden costs that will diminish its advantages with time. And, at the time when Texas peace-loving bought the company, it was under enormous stress to cut down its costs (The Guardian, 2005). . Supply Chain Management issues and supplier selection 1. Supply Chain Supply chain includes procurement of raw materials from the suppliers, conversion of raw materials to talk terms goods, and then finally to finished products. It also includes the distribution of it to the customers. Three kinds of flows exist in supply chain i. e. material, in formation and finance (Ganeshan R & Harrison T, 1995). Upstream refers to the activities that take place before the supply phase. And, downstream refers to the activities that take place after the supply phase.IFx system was used to integrate the whole supply chain (AirlineHubBuzz, 2012). 2. Supply Chain Management Effective supply chain management is the coordination between the various players in the chain and each channel member operates independently (Ganeshan R & Harrison T, 1995). 3. Impact of integrated system in the management of suppliers and supplier selection The company goes on maintaining the relationship with those suppliers who can meet quick and flexible supply in respect to the demand changes, deliver consistently and on time with high degree of shared understanding and trust (Acorn live 22). . Alpha Flight Group Alpha provided full catering and provisioning services in Amsterdam. Gate Gourmet intended maximum growth and operational flexibility with Alpha through i ts integrated system. The company aimed to serve 80 peak season flights a day with Alpha (aircraftinteriorsinternational. com). 2. Pourshins Pourshins, a fully integrated partner provides the tools requisite for supply chain model including sourcing and procurement, asset management and food and boozing logistics (Pourshins. com). The challenge in front of the company was to clip the LEANs supply chain management cost, which was rising.The integration challenge was to merge the two teams of employees in the United States and understanding the Gate Gourmets existing warehousing, distribution and software functions (Andersen, 2008 29). But at the same time, the integrated system helped to inwardness purchase volumes, which resulted in lowering of costs, optimisation of products and services for the total value (Pourshins. com). 3. Supplair The company designed food including fresh food preparation and packaged food to keep them safe, appealing, and requires minimum handling.The cha llenge in front of company with the integrated system was to review the food offered for the crew consumption and introduce the same within four weeks for Easy Jet. The elements for the key success with the integrated system were the proven web-based ordering system, which was easy to use and the excellent distribution supply chain (Supplair. com). 4. deSter Gate Gourmet selected deSter as its supplier, deSter being leading supplier in service solutions across all aircraft cabins. To win the competitive advantage over the other bidders, the tippy was in the favour of Gate Gourmet with Etihad Airways.This was because of technical know-how and production capacities of deSter (deSter. com). 5. Potmstudios The company offers design for packaging, cutlery, food and beverage service ware and passenger facilities for the in-flight services. The positive implication was the best computer aided design software, which was used by the company for the fast and accurate designs (Potmstudios. c om). 6. Harmony The company is totally integrated airline service provider and involved in the designing of amenity kits.Harmony provides tailor-made solutions for enhancing the passengers comfort on board. The operational excellence of the company helped in managing the quality of the service (Harmonyonboard. com). 4. Recommendations for less advanced suppliers to establish consistent standard of operations with the supply chain activities First of all, for implementing integrated system, the less advanced organisations analyse their business processes. It helps in the modernisation of processes during the time of changes.It is quite easier for the centralised organisations to implement the integrated system. Secondly, balancing of work designed according to the requirements of the customers is of charge importance. The software should be configured before use. Lastly, the company needs to establish a system to convert the existing data into the integrated one. For this, the comp any may have to move for data migration planning resembling identification of data, data templates generation, and deciding migration interrelated set-ups and reporting policies.This will help the less advanced suppliers to strain the competitive advantage and will also help in modernisation. The genuine trick for the integration is the quit flow of information, cooperation and respecting each businesss independence (Andersen, 2008 30). 5. ERP System ERP system is the organisation wide web for harmonising the resources, information and functions of a business. It is the modern extension of MRP1 (Materials Requirement Planning), MRP11 (Manufacturing Resource Planning), and CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing).It helps in communicating with the customers and the suppliers to improve the quality of supply chain management (Acorn live 19). 1. Scala system Scala is the ERP software and support ERP processes. This system was exercised by the company to cover the maximum business pr ocesses of catering operations. 1. E-Gatematrix The real-time data was fed into the Scala system through e-gatematrix system, which is the web-interface system for capturing data. 2. Challenges faced by the company in implementing ERP System 1.The company has to face the challenges due to demand fluctuations- As food has to be prepared just before 12 to 24 hours before departure, the demand keep on fluctuating till the last moment. The just-in-time delivery after the preparation and supply of food with the last minute fluctuations become difficult and challenging (Fidanza). All the last minute changes using ERP systems become difficult sometimes. 2. The company has to re fix the schedules with flight delays- The whole process of delivery becomes cumbersome with flight delays.All the data conversation through ERP in rush becomes complex. 3. ERP implementation problems and solutions 1. Galley Planning Problem-With the technological support, galley planning becomes time consuming pro cess. Solution-Galley Planning System (GP4) of the e-gate solutions can be easily incorporated into other material planning systems to increase the precision of the data. It leads to the fuel-cost impact analysis, automatic publishing of packing instructions and the online communication of changes to the supply chain (e-Gate Solutions). 2.Complications of Data Problem- There was complications of data and their application using the e-marketplace application. Solution- The company replaced it with ePix application to improve the order search capabilities and for the simplification of the data (e-Gate Solutions). 3. Business Intelligence and Reporting Problem-The reporting of real-time gross revenue and analysis was difficult with ERP implementation. Solution-Onboard Retail Technology (TS4) was selected for reporting functions, as TS4 was able to reconcile the real-time sales to inventory.It was also used to identify the passengers buying trends (e-Gate Solutions). 4. Selection of me nus according to the passenger mix Problem- The main challenge in front of the company was to reduce the inventory using ERP, when the menus were fixed but the types of passengers keeps on changing even six hours before take-off. Solution-The Pourshins trademark forecaster system for food helped to build new menus and reduce the inventory and costs (e-Gate Solutions). 6. Huge information used by Gate Gourmet to deliver their service 1.Human tacit and implicit knowledge is essential to make sense of hard statistical information and the same is used for enhancing performance Inventory management includes the processes involved in maintenance of optimal number of goods and services to avoid over and under inventory. The company focuses on inventory management through state-of-the-art software. Gate Gourmet collects the necessary data from state-of-the-art software with the help of Pourshins for inventory management (Gate Gourmet). The experience force out are hired by the company f or the use of different softwares through their tacit and implicit knowledge.The main difference between tacit knowledge and implicit knowledge is that the implicit knowledge can be codified but it is impossible to codify tacit knowledge (Toolbox. com, 2008). Suppose a flight from Taiwan to New York, may stop at Los Angeles for 2-3 hours, the company will be ask to unload the trash items in this time and have to load the 5 tons of new food with cutlery and other equipments. But the challenge now appears when the last minute passengers come up and like to have the menu according to the menu of the airlines. Also, the special meals like low fat meals are required by certain group of passengers.Through the use of software, it is easy to get the statistics but the right quantities are trenchant by experts so as to keep the wastage and costing minimum. Here comes the use of human tacit knowledge used by experts for the inventory management, Through the use of tacit knowledge the over-c atering and under-catering is avoided. As the production and delivery of more meals than actual required is both the loss for airlines as well as for the Gate Gourmet. The software covers almost all the business processes involved in inventory management.The delays in flight arrivals upset the work schedules. It becomes crucial for the company to provide right quantities at the right place to the right person. The dedicated team members take action with flexibility and quickly to achieve the goal. The costs have reduced to the great purpose with the management of inventories through the tacit knowledge of the staff (Donna, 2009). Hands do the majority of food preparation, which is also a time consuming process. The inventory of finished stock of goods needs to be kept straightaway with the demand fluctuations.They to reduce the wastage at the bottom level use the culinary expertise and implicit knowledge. The culinary trends and expertise is used to design the menus as per the tre nds. This has helped the company in gaining the competitive advantage and food and voyage becomes enjoyable by the customers. Inventory forecast is a mix of statistical data with the use of human tacit and implicit knowledge. The company has been using the vast information and statistics, which finally gets evaluated by the experts to decide the optimal level of inventory.As a result, it helps in improving the function of the processes reduce inventory wastage, optimal quantity ordering to the suppliers. 7. Conclusion Concluding the whole discussion, it is very imperative for the company to go for managing operations, information and knowledge to brook in the market cutthroat competition. The company has to face various challenges for the achievement of aspirations. Besides tough times faced by Gate Gourmet, the company has been successful in the administration of operations, information and knowledge. For this, the company has deployed experienced staff all over the organisation.

The Philippine Revolution Against Spain Essay

1996 is a significant year for Filipinos completely over the world. It strike offs the centenary of the Philippine variation, which started in 1896 and officially ended in 1902. The amount of literature generated during and after the gyration, couplight-emitting diode with the move fascination on this period by historians and alike which sustain produced an infinite number of scholarly works, have validated the widespread perception that this was the well-nigh glorious page in the history of the Filipino people. The Philippine regeneration ended more than three centuries of Spanish colonial rule which began when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi put togethered the settlework forcet of Cebu, the oldest Philippine city, in 1565.The Revolution is also heralded as the scratch anti-colonial license movement in Asia. The Filipino proclamation of their independence ii years after the egressbreak of the Revolution was a momentous til nowt for Filipinos of all persuasion. The Revolu tion began with the masses through the Katipunan, a secret, radical, mass-based organization, and was later embraced by the middle class. Indeed, the Revolution was iodin of the just about times where there was a convergence in the nationalist movements of the masses and the elect.The KatipunanThe Katipunan (meaning Association) planned and initiated the Philippine Revolution. It was founded in Tondo, capital of the Philippines, by Andres Bonifacio and a few other fellow urban workers on July 7, 1892. Its full Tagalog urinate is Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang manga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Venerated Association of the Sons and Daughters of the Land). From its inception, Katipunan was forged by blood, with all its members enacting the traditional blood bunch up and signing their names with their own blood. The foremost goal of the Katipunan was semipolitical, the separation of the Philippines from Spain. Its members also recognized and performed a ci vil duty which was mutual supporter and the defense of the poor and the oppressed.The Katipunan was steered by Bonifacio, who became known as the Supremo (Supreme) of the Katipunan, and he was competently concorded by Emilio Jacinto, who emerged as the Brains of the Katipunan. Philippine historians regard Bonifacio as the Great Plebeian because he came from a poor family inTondo and worked as a warehouse clerk. patronage his poverty, Bonifacio was able to educate himself by study the works of Rizal and the French changeists. Because of its brotherhood appeal, Katipunan was swift in recruiting members from the peasants and the working class. Philippine historian Reynaldo Ileto points out that the Katipunan belonged to a long tradition of social movements in Philippine history which fortunately have been disparaged and branded by authorities and the elite as illicit associations and its members as bandits. Like most of these popular movements, the Katipunan was clothed in millena rianism.In their writings, Bonifacio and Jacinto described the pre-Spanish period as an era of kasaganaan (great abundance) and kaginhawaan (prosperity). The demise of this glorious era was a forget of the tyranny of Spanish colonial rule. The Katipunan then envisi unitaryd the future as one marked by kalayaan (independence), a state of being where there would once again be liwanag (knowledge) and kasaganaan (prosperity). Kalayaan would mean a lapse to the pre-Spanish condition of prosperity, bliss, and contentment. just it entailed cutting ties with the colonial mother, Spain, and the birth of a nurturing real mother, Inang Bayan or Motherland, meaning Philippines. From the start, the Katipunan force inspiration from Jose Rizal, whose nationalist writings stirred an oppressed nation into fulfil.His two novels, the Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and the El Filibusterismo (The Subversive), denounced the decadent colonial order presided by the incompetent and abusive colonial off icials and the backward and immoral frailocracy. In the 1880s, Jose Rizal and his fellow ilustrados propeled the Propaganda course in Europe where they vigorously campaigned for the implementation of the much needed reforms in the Philippines. Their failure to force Spain to constitute reforms convinced the Katipunan that the call must be for revolution and non reform.In 1892, Bonifacio sought the counsel of Rizal on their planned revolution and the latter cautioned them because of its untimeliness and the peoples unpreparedness. steadyts forced Bonifacio and the Katipunan to launched the revolution. On heroic 23, 1896, the Katipunan was find by the Spanish authorities, prompting Bonifacio and the Katipuneros to tear their cedula (identification card), which symbolized their colonial oppression, and to declare in Pugad Lawin the beginning of the Philippine Revolution. The Spanish execution of Rizal on December 30, 1896 further emboldened thereligious Filipinos who saw Rizals martyrdom as similar to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, i.e., to redeem his people.Ethnicity and the Creation of National IdentityInitially, the Revolution appeared to be an entirely Tagalog affair. The first eight provinces to rise in arms were all in the Tagalog region and its adjacent areas Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Manila, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas. Even among these provinces, fighting was minimal except for Cavite, Bulacan, and, of course, Manila. Most of the principal revolutionary leaders were Tagalogs, and their initial appeal of support was directed towards the Katagalugan or the Tagalog people. This was not surprising since prior to the Revolution, Filipinos did not think of themselves as one consistent race. Identity was quite linked with regional ethnicity. The Spanish policy of divisiveness aimed at effecting colonial rule promoted and advance regional isolation and ethnic distinctions. By the nineteenth century the term Filipino referred to the Sp anish parochiales or those born in the Philippines.The Filipinos in general were loathingly called indios and their identity was rooted on their regional origin or ethnic affiliation Tagalog, Kapampangan, Cebuano, Ilocano, Ilonggo, etc. In the first two years of the Revolution, battles raged mainly in the Tagalog provinces. away(p) the Katagalugan, responses were varied. Pampanga, which was close to Manila, was uninvolved in the Revolution from September 1896 to the end of 1897, perhaps because the conditions which drove the Tagalogs to rise in arms were not totally similar in Pampanga. For instance, friar estates or church monopoly of landholdings which triggered agrarian excitement in Tagalog areas was not pervasive in Pampanga. Besides apathy, there were those, such as some Albayanos of Bicol, who were sluice apprehensive of rumors of a Tagalog rebellion aimed at ousting the Spaniards and exercising Tagalog hegemony over the non-Tagalog ethnic groups.Historian Leonard Andaya claims that what brought the Revolution to the non-Tagalog areas was Aguinaldos policy of encouraging his military officials to go past to their home province and mobilize local support. For instance, the Revolution came late in Antique, and it was due to General Leandro Fullon, an Antiqueno principalia general of Aguinaldo, who went to his home province to spread the Revolution. Even after the Revolution spread to the rest of Luzon andthe Visayas, there were still suspicions as to the real motives of the Tagalogs. For example, the Iloilo elite changed the name of their tentative revolutionary government and called it the Federal State of the Visayas since they did not want to recognize the supremacy of Aguinaldo and the Tagalogs. They favorite(a) instead a federal arrangement composed of the three main island groups Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.These reservations and suspicions by non-Tagalogs were somehow reinforced by the initial writings and proclamations of key Tagalog pers onalities of the Revolution. Bonifacio wrote a revolutionary piece which he entitled Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog or What the Tagalogs Should Know. Aguinaldo, in his memoirs, wrote chapters entitled The Tagalog Government Begins and Long Live the Tagalogs. But in the absence of a general, generic wine term to collectively refer to the inhabitants of the archipelago, Filipino being a term originally reserved for the Spanish insulares, Tagalog may have appeared to the leaders of the Revolution as a logical substitute because of its indigenous element. In due time, however, Aguinaldos proclamations dullly introduced the idea that all the inhabitants of the Philippines are Filipinos.Tagalog became less used and in its calculate Filipino was increasingly mentioned. The Revolution likewise assumed a national character. The solution of Philippine independence was both significant and symbolic in the imagining and forging of a Filipino nation-state. Although there was a gradual acce ptance of the term Filipino, nonetheless up until the early(a) American period, Tagalog was still occasionally used. General Macario Sakay, a Tagalog general who continued the war against the Americans even after Emilio Aguinaldo was captured, called his government in 1902 the Tagalog Republic, although its charter noted that Visayas and Mindanao were include in his Republic.Filipino Women RevolutionariesLike ethnicity, gender played a significant role during the Revolution. As early as 1892, the Katipunan had a womens chapter, Katipuneras, which was mostly made up of the wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters of the Katipuneros. While the Katipuneros men held clandestine meetings in the interior or back of a house, the Katipuneras provided the diversionary tactics in the living room for passers-by to see. round of these Katipuneraswere Gregoria de Jesus, Andres Bonifacios wife, who became known as the Lakambini or First Lady of the Katipunan Jose Rizals sisters and Melchora Aquin o who was also called Tandang Sora (Old Sora). Tandang Sora became a novel because she was a medicine woman who stitched the wounded and cured the sick. Her home was used by the Katipunan for their clandestine meetings and she served the Revolution by rendering her medical expertise to Katipunan members. on that point were also numerous Filipinas who marvelous themselves in the battlefield. In 1896, Gregoria Montoya y Patricio, upon the death of her Katipunero husband, led the charge of a thirty men unit eyepatch holding a Katipunan flag on one hand and a sharp-bladed bolo (machete) on some other hand. She used a white piece of cloth, commonly used during mass, to ward off bullets. Another Filipina revolutionary was Agueda Kahabagan who fought the Spaniards armed with a rifle, brandishing a bolo and dressed in white. Teresa Magbanua, on the other hand, earned the moniker Joan of Arc of the Visayas for the valor she displayed in many battles.But Filipino womens participation dur ing the Revolution was not confined to actual fighting. Rosario Lopez, a scion of the wealthy hacendero Lopez clan of Negros, donated firearms to the revolutionary cause. Similarly, women of Cavite utilized their business connections to form a network of contacts for the Revolution. The Filipino Red Cross, demonstrateed in 1863, became another venue for women participation in the Revolution. In 1899, the Red Cross, under the leadership of the wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, had thirteen chapters spread out from Ilocos Norte to Batangas. Conventional female activities such as sewing and cooking were utilized outside the homes to serve the needs of Filipino troops.Struggle amongst the Masses and the EliteAside from ethnicity and gender, class conflict was central to the Revolution. In the aftermath of the outbreak of the revolution, most of the ilutstrados or the nineteenth century middle class denounced the Katipunan and renewed their loyalty to Spain. Many ilustrados immediately condem ned the revolution as an irrational action of untutored masses. Some, like Rizal, believed that it was an ill-timed and ill-prepared struggle. But many did so out of allegiance to Spain. Later when the Katipunan was winning battles, some ilustrados gradually turned around and embraced the revolution. These ilustrados, though driven by nationalism like the masses,fought to preserve their social status and economic wealth. Their interests and agenda vastly differed from the objectives of the Katipuneros. Other ilustrados preferred to remain fence-sitters until the tide of the Revolution was clear. In a study of the municipal and provincial elite of Luzon during the Revolution, Milagros C. Guerrero reason out that well-to-do Filipinos as well as municipal and provincial officials refused to join the Revolution during 1897 and early 1898.There was even hesitancy even after they did join. Many history books assert that class coflict was symbolized by the leadership struggle between Bon ifacio and Aguinaldo. In contrast to the working class background of Bonifacio, Aguinaldo was an ilustrado and a former gobernadorcillo or town executive in his home province of Cavite. Aguinaldos ascendance to prominence as a result of his strategic victories in battles naturally brought him into conflict with Bonifacio over the leadership of the Revolution. In a sense, their rancor struggle reflected the falling out of the masses and the ilustrados during the Revolution. It started as a result of the intramural between the two factions of the Katipunan in Cavite the Magdiwang and Magdalo. Their conflict had deteriorated such that each one refused to assist the other in battles. Moreover, in one of the battles in Manila, the Caviteno forces even failed to provide assistance to the revolutionaries of Manila.Bonifacio as Supremo of the Katipunan was invited to Cavite to resolve the factional differences and thus ensure a unite front against the Spaniards in the province. Once in C avite, the ilustrados maneuvered to ease Bonifacio from the leadership. In the Tejeros Convention of March 22, 1897, they voted to supersede the Katipunan with a revolutionary government and an election of the patchrs of the new government was conducted. Aguinaldo was choose as President while Bonifacio muzzy in several elections for key posts before he finally won as Director of the Interior. But a Caviteno, Daniel Tirona, immediately questioned his lack of education and qualification for the post, and insisted that he be replaced instead by a Caviteno ilustrado lawyer, Jose del Rosario.Insulted and humiliated, Bonifacio as Supremo of the Revolution declared the election and the formation of the new government void. What followed was a black mark in the history of the Revolution. Aguinaldo, upon the prodding of his fellow, ilustrados, logical the arrest and trial of Bonifacio on the grounds of treason. A phony trial found Bonifacio and hisbrother, Procopio, guilty, and they we re sentenced to death. Aguinaldo gave his approval and the Bonifacio brothers were shot on May 10, 1897, at Mt. Tala, Cavite. In rationalizing the fate of Bonifacio, Aguinaldo and his men claimed Bonifacio was establishing his own government which would have subverted the revolutionary cause. His elimination was necessary to maintain unity under Aguinaldos leadership. Ironically, Bonifacio, the father of the Revolution, became a victim to the ambition and self-serving interests the ilustrados as personified by Aguinaldo.Truce of Biak-na-Bato and the Betrayal of the RevolutionThe death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo and the elite. But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul. Aguinaldos troops were being routed in Cavite and, thus, his revolutionary government moved to the more monastical Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldos commitment to the revolutionary cause became suspect. His mil itary advisers persuaded him to issue a resolving that his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as Spain granted political reforms. These reforms included the expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes emancipation of the press and religious tolerance equality in treatment and relentment for both peninsular and insular civil servants and equality for all before the law.This pronouncement by Aguinaldo proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met. The standoff in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that Spain would pay financial remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of arms and the voluntary exile oversea of Aguinaldo and the other leaders. Toward the e nd of December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were presumptuousness the initial sum of 400,000 pesos, most of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and used later on to buy more weapons. Distrust on both sides resulted in the failure of the truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch another offensive. The coming of the Americans marked the second phase of thePhilippine Revolution.In Singapore, Aguinaldo met U.S. consul Spencer Pratt who persuaded him to cooperate with the Americans. In February 1898, the American warship Maine was mysteriously sunk in the waters of Havana, Cuba. This incident was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War. Admiral George Dewey who was stationed in Hongkong received a cable on April 25 announcing that war had commenced between the two countries. He was ordered to retake the Philippines and, on May 1, 1898, his flagship U.S.S.Olympia defeated the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay at a cost of eight wounded Americans and around five hundred casualties on the Spanish side. Back in Hongkong, Aguinaldo was told by U.S. consul Rounsenville Wildman that Dewey wanted him to return to the Philippines to resume the Filipino resistance. Aguinaldo claimed that the American officials prodded him to establish a Philippine government similar to the United States, and that they pledged to honor and support the Filipinos aspiration for independence. Spencer, Wildman, and Dewey would later deny having made any promise or commitment to Aguinaldo.Proclamation of Philippine Independenceand the bear of the Philippine RepublicWith transportation provided by the Americans, Aguinaldo and his leaders returned to Cavite. They resumed their war offensive against Spain and re formal the revolutionary government. Because of the exigencies of the time, Aguinaldo temporarily established a dictatorial government, but plans were afoot to proclaim the inde pendence of the country especially since the Spaniards were reeling from defeat one battle after another. From the balcony of his house in Kawit, Cavite, Aguinaldo declared on June 12, 1898 the independence of the Filipinos and the birth of the Philippine Republic. For the first time, the Philippine flag, sewn in Hongkong by the womenfolk of the revolutionaries, was unfurled. Two bands played Julian Felipes Marcha Nacional Filipina which became the Philippines national anthem. The declaration further emboldened the fighting Filipinos. On June 18, 1898, Aguinaldo passed a decree calling for the shake-up of the provincial and municipal governments.In her article, Guerrero claims that following the liberation of Luzon from the hands of the Spaniards, elections were held in Cavite, Bataan, Batangas, and Pampanga in June and July in Manila,Tayabas (now Quezon), Pangasinan, Ilocos Norte, and Ilocos Sur in August in Abra, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Nueva Ecija in September in Nue va Vizcaya and La Union in October and in Isabela, Catanduanes, Albay, and Sorsogon in December. The elected provincial and town officials were mostly the same local officials during the Spanish period. This was because the requirements for voting and nomination to public office were restricted to those who were citizens of 20 years of age or above who were friendly to Philippine independence and were distinguished for their high character, social position and honorable conduct, both in the center of the community and the suburb.These alimentation automatically excluded the masses in the electoral process, and insured continued elite supremacy of local politics, even by those who were Spanish supporters and sympathizers during the early phase of the Revolution. Since the ilustrados had exclusive reckon of the electoral process, the provincial and municipal reorganization merely resulted in perpetuating elite dominance of society and government. Guerrero claims that records of the period reveal the composition of the municipal elite was unaltered and local offices simply rotated within their ranks. But not all areas of Luzon came under the control of the ilustrados during the Revolution. In some towns, uneducated and poor masses were elected by an electorate who most probably did not meet the qualifications stipulated in Aguinaldos decree.Guerrero claims that the principalia or ilustrado local officials of Solano in Nueva Ecija and Urdaneta in Pangasinan complained over the election of the uneducated and ignorant who they argued were totally incapable of governing. But this was more of an aberration since the general look-alike was one of elite dominance and the alienation of the masses. Despite Aguinaldos order abolishing three hundred years of Spanish polo or forced labor, the local elite persisted in demanding personal services from the people, on top of the taxes levied against them. In some towns and provinces conditions were even worse as the elite wra ngled among themselves, especially since Aguinaldo did not clearly delineate the responsibilities of the elected civilian and appointed military officials.This leads some historians to conclude that the masses in towns and countryside were the eventual victims of what transpired during the Revolution. The American entry into the picture convinced the remaining fence-sitting ilustrados to support the Revolution. When rumors of animpending Spanish-American War were circulating in April 1898, several noted ilustrados led by Pedro Paterno offered their services to the Spanish governor-general. Yet when Aguinaldo returned from exile, several ilustrados serving in the Spanish militia, like Felipe Buencamino, discard the Spaniards and announced their conversion to the revolutionary cause. Indeed, the resumption of the revolution brought an electrifying response throughout the country. From Ilocos in the northeast down to Mindanao in the south, there was a simultaneous and collective stru ggle to oust the Spaniards. Months later, when the Filipino-American War commenced, many ilustrados played the middle ground, i.e., on one hand, they sent words of support to Aguinaldo and, on the other, started contemplating on an main(a) status for the Philippines under the United States.An example was the Iloilo ilustrados who eventually sided with the Americans since their economic interests sugar production and importation fixed collaboration with the new colonizers. Indeed, in the parlance of contemporary Filipino political culture, the ilustrados were the classic balimbing or two-faced. Despite the constant vacillation of the elite, Aguinaldo and his advisers tapped on their services in organizing the Philippine Republic. Aguinaldo was eager to prove that the Filipinos could govern themselves, and in the process it would legitimize the Philippine Republic. Moreover, since he and his advisers were ilustrados, Aguinaldo only trusted his own kind the wealthy, educated, and p olitically experient in the matter of governance. Thus, he called on them to convene and create a Congress which would draft a constitution. He wanted a Philippine constitution to complete the required trimmings of a sovereign, nation-state flag, army, government, and constitution.In his actions, Aguinaldo was advised by Apolinario Mabini who became known as the Sublime Paralytic because his spirit was not deterred by his corporeal handicap, and the Brains of the Revolution due to his intellectual acumen. On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution which was drafted by the ilustrados of the Malolos Congress. Two days later, the Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan, the new capital of the fledging government. The Philippine Republic was, however, short-lived. From the start, Aguinaldos forces were fighting the Spaniards without military assistance from the Americans.Except for the Battle of Manila Bay,the United States was not a major for ce in the fighting. The American troops did not arrive in the country until late June, and they saw no military action until August. But events starting with the Spanish surrender of Manila on August 13, 1898, doomed the end of Philippine independence. Although the Spanish troops had been routed in all fronts by the Filipinos, the continuing presence of the Americans was unsettling. Questions on actual American motives surfaced with the continuous arrival of American reinforcements. It did not take long for the Filipinos to realize the genuine intentions of the United States. The wobbly and uneasy Philippine-American alliance collapsed on February 4, 1899, when the Philippine-American War broke out and threatened to annihilate the new found freedom of the Filipinos.